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Study On The Plant Biodiversity And Ecosystem Service Functions Evaluation Of Forest Ecosystem In Xiaoxing'an Mountains

Posted on:2013-02-17Degree:DoctorType:Dissertation
Country:ChinaCandidate:L X LiuFull Text:PDF
GTID:1110330374971444Subject:Botany
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Xiao Xing' an Mountains forest areas are located in the north temperate, the forest area are more than500hm2,the forest stock reaches about450million m3,the forest coverage rate is72.6%,it is one of the most important forest areas in China. As excessive development in recent centuries,the forest vegetation is serious damaged,ecological environment is deteriorated badly, species numbers declined sharply, ecological system continued to change.Therefore,we conduct background survey on Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest plant diversity,carry on a long-term dynamic monitoring and evaluate the forest ecosystem service function scientifically, which is very significant and urgent.This study is based on297communities in Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest areas(a total of16632samples)which are collected in field study in recent3years,we use methods and principles on vegetation ecology,multiple use knowledge on plant taxonomy,phytogeography, phytocoenology,conservation biology and ecosystem ecology,and thoroughly research on the status quo and variant of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest plant diversity.According to the forestry industry standard of the People's Republic of China (《China's forestry ecosystem service function observation and evaluation standard》),we evaluate service function of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest ecological system.The result can provide scientific basis for protection and utilizes of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest plant diversity,natural forest management and plantation cultivation and making relevant policies.The result shows that there are95families,389genera and1037species (including80varieties,and25forms) of seed plant in Xiao Xing'an Mountains,they account for27.70%,12.35%and3.39%of that in China seed plants and respectively they account for92.23%,64.09%and63.23%of that in Heilongjiang province;we record a new variety (Gentianopsis barbata (Froel) Ma var.sinensis Ma),two forms (Pulsatilla patens(L.)Mill. var.Multifida(Pritz.)S.H.Li et Y.H.Huang f.albiflora X.F.Zhao ex Y.Z. Zhao and Rosa acicularis Lindl. f. alba Z.Wang et Q.L.Wang).The seed plants in this area mainly focus on Compositae,Gramineae,Cyperaceae,Ranunculaceae,Rosaceae and some other big families worldwide,families with1specie and2to5species are much more,which reflects that this big families of seed plants are less,and small families are more in this area,after of the quaternary glacial period,some genera and species are only small residuals in the region;the15dominant families respectively account for5.79%,63.75%and64.61%of all families,genera and species in this area,which shows that the flora composition has obvious advantage features;although15dominant families of woody plants only account for15.79%,11.83%and13.90%of the families,genera and species in this area,but they make up dominant species and accompanying species of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest community.Seed plants include more than20 different big genera (Carex,Salix,Polygonum,Artemisia),medium and small genera are rich,but contain less species,which shows that seed plants in this area present the characteristics of polarization;there are many one-seeded genus and depauperate genus in this area,which reflects diversity and complexity of these species;most of dominant genera belong to genera of the north temperate,which obviously reflects that the north temperate component in this area highly develop.There are7distribution types of families,and the world distribution types,north temperate distribution types and pantropical distribution types account for94.74%of distribution types in this area tropical,other4distribution types only account for5.26%;geographical elements of families have stronger temperate nature,which reflects that the temperate origin of flora in this area;In addition,woody plants have Pinaeeae,Aceraeeae, Fagaceae,which shows the flora has primitiveness and age-old.There are14distribution types of genera,the genera with temperate nature account for75.32%,north temperate distribution types account for44.73%,geographical elements of genera have stronger north temperate nature mixed with subtropical and tropical plants flora.Species richness and diversity indices of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest ecological system have a big difference in different types of forest community,the highest richness are82species,the minimum are35species (Populus davidiana plantation),richness of10forest types total species are as followed:theropencedrymion>Broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest>spruce-fir forest>dry mixed coniferous broad leaved forest>Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana secondary forest>Larix gmelini forest>wet mixed coniferous broad leaved forest>planted forest>middle mixed coniferous broad leaved forest>Quercus mongolica secondary forest.Comparing with diversity of species of Xiao Xing'an Mountains virgin broad-leaved forest and3main succession series secondary communities,we find that species richness of community are tending to decline accompanying by succession before reaching climax of secondary succession, in which the extent of the decline of xerosere is the highest,the extent of the decline of wet feet series is the lowest;different seral community have different species richness;the changes of total species richness and indices on species richness are almost same, which are as followed:virgin Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved forest>Betula platyphylla secondary forest> Larix gmelini forest> Quercus mongolica forest.Plant diversity index law of each layer is a little different,the index of tree layer of original broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest,Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index are the highest,and broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest>Larix gmelini forest>Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana secondary forest> Quercus mongolica secondary forest;the change law of species richness index of shrub layer and Simpson index are original broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest>Betula platyphylla secondary forest;the change law of herb layer are Quercus mongolica secondary forest>Betula platyphylla secondary forest>Larix gmelini forest>broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest; Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index of4kinds of community herb layer are almost the same,Shannon-Wiener index is a slightly different,the indices of white Betula platyphylla secondary forest and Quercus mongolica secondary forest are a bit higher than that of broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest and Larix gmelini forest.Latitude change rule of the same community types species diversity:the original broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest species richness and index of species richness increase with latitude,community species richness decline slightly,the tree layer and the shrub layer diversity index and evenness index rise with latitude declined,Simpson index Shannon-Wiener index of herb layer species not so far different,plant diversity index generally reflects that species richness on the south slopes of Xiao Xing'an Mountains is more than that on the north slopes;Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana secondary forest species richness index reduce significantly with latitude increasing, and as the tree layer in three different places, species richness declined with latitude increasing, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index increase at first and then decline,the species richness,abundance index (Margalef index) and Simpson index of shrub layer have markedly degressive tendency with latitude increasing,which also reflects the community plant variety on the south and north slopes are obvious different;species richness and species richness index of Larix gmelini forest increase at first and then decline.According to relationship between12communities species richness and latitude in different latitude,community total species richness increase at first and then decline with latitude increasing,but species richness index on tree layer and the shrub layer decline obviously with latitude increasing,species richness index on herb layer has no significant correlation with latitude.Longitude change rule of the same community types species diversity:species richness and species richness index in Hebei community are the highest, Sunwu community are the lowest and the Nen river located in the northwest are placed in the middle;the order of diversity index in three community tree layer are the Nenjiang community>Hebei community>Sunwu community;Hebei community with higher longitude has advantage on shrub layer and her layer. According to relationship between12communities species richness and longitude in different longitude,total species richness rise with the longitude increasing;generally species diversity index on tree layer and shrub layer rise with the longitude increasing;diversity index on herb layer fall at first and then increase obviously with the longitude increasing.The total richness of original broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest in different height significantly decrease along with altitude increasing;plant diversity shows,species richness index of the tree layer fall at first and then increase,Simpson index are not so far different, Shannon-Wiener index shows that mid-latitude gradient is lower than that of high and low latitude;species richness of shrub layers are gradually decreasing with altitude increasing, Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index show the indices of Pinus koraiensis forest lime tree in mid-latitude are the highest;diversity index of herb layer has obvious regularity,namely along with altitude increasing,and the parameters of the diversity declined,which means that the diversity of herb layer is badly affected by altitude.In the study we use4classification units containing vegetation type group,vegetation type, formation and subformation.According to the characteristics of Xiao Xing'an Mountains vegetation,we divide Xiao Xing' an Mountains vegetation into3vegetation type group,3vegetation type,12formations,16subformations;Xiao Xing'an Mountains area will be divided into a vegetation region by vegetation regionalization,namely temperate coniferous forests area,deciduous mixed forests area;A vegetation zone,namely temperate northern coniferous forests zone,deciduous mixed forests zone;A vegetation region,namely Xiao Xing'an Mountains Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved forest district and deciduous mixed forests district;three small vegetation districts,namely Quercus mongolica in hills,plateaus along Xunhe river basin,Larix gmelinii and mixed forest of Pinus koraiensis district;Xiao Xing'an Mountains northern Pinus koraiensis,Larix gmelinii,Betula platyphylla mixed forest district;Xiao Xing'an Mountains southern broad-leaved forest,Pinus koraiensis mixed forest district.There are six main functions of the eleven indexes on quantitative analysis and evaluation of Xiao Xing'an Mountains forest ecological system,6main functions are water conservation, soil conservation,fixing carbon and producing O2,nutrition accumulation,purifying environment and biodiversity protection.Every ecological service functions of forest ecological system are:quantity of water conservation is10.927035billion m3a-1,quantity of fixing earth is49.184billion m-3·a-1,amount of fixing carbon is about24.9688million t·a-1,quantity of releasing O2is66.8455million t·a-1,the accumulation of nutrients is2.4376459billion t·a-1,quantity of absorbing SO2is748200t·a-1,capacity of reducing dust is106.5325million t·a-1,providing anion1.62×1028·a-1.According to the size of the value of the ecological function,the order is:the value of forest conservation of soil>the value of purifying air>the value of water conservation>the value of fixing CO2and releasing02>the value of biodiversity maintenance>the value of accumulation nutrient.Respectively,their economic value shows that:the value of water conservation is101.738billion yuan·a-1,the value of the conservation of soil is up to722.136billion·a-1,the value of fixing CO2and releasing O2is92.067billion·a-1,the value of accumulation nutrient is4.561billion yuan·a-1,the value of purifying environment function is111.369billion yuan·a-1,the value of biodiversity maintenance is24.697billion yuan·a-1.value of unit area is214800yuan hm-2·a-1,so the total ecological service function value of Xiao Xing'an Mountains ecological system is about1.056568trillion yuan·a-1...
Keywords/Search Tags:Xiao Xing'an Mountains, Forest ecosystem, Flora, Plant diversity, Ecosystemservice
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