| The sustainable development strategy was put forward by the state as the increased contradiction among population, resources and environment. Chemical fertilizer was the material guarantee in the development of sustainable agriculture. The consumption of fertilizer was very huge in China and has been increasing every year. How to increase the nutrient efficiency and decrease the negative effects of fertilizer was one of the most important problem in China. A farmer fertilizer use survey and a field experiment were conducted in order to reveal the situation of crop fertilization and fertilizer use efficiency. The results were as follows:Fertilizer resources distribution was imbalanced in China. There were significant differences of total fertilizer quantity and per crop sown area fertilizer application rates between provinces. The eastern area was excessively high, but the middle and the western areas were somewhat low. The total fertilizer consumption of the top 7 provinces accounted for the 56.1% of the total nutrient, while the last 10 provinces were only 9.0% of the total. The application rates of per crop sown area was 306.5kg/hm~2. The 7 provinces which above 400 kg/hm~2 were in the eastern area, and the 5 ones which below 200 kg/hm~2 were in the west. The N:P2O5 ratio was relatively reasonable in 1:0.46, and the N:K2O ratio was lower which was 0.31.Based on the survey of farmers in 19 provinces from 2000-2005,the results showed that the proportion of the fertilizer to total nutrient was 90.9% in grain,85.6% in economic crops, 78.9% in fruit,73.8% in vegetable. The ratio of fertilizer N,P,K to total N,totalP,total K was very high, which is 85.8% of N,81.4% of P,51.8% of K.Urea and ammonium carbonate were the absolute superiority of nitrogen fertilizer,which is 70%. Single superphosphate was 32.0% of the total phosphate.Compound potassium was superiority of the total potassium,which is 55.6%. The proportion of compound fertilizer was 28.9% of the total fertilizer.The results of the fertilizer survey in 19 provinces indicated that there were significant differences in fertilizer rates between crop groups of grain, economic crops, fiber crops, oil crops, vegetables and fruits. The fertilizer consumption percentage of every one percent of planting acreage of fruits, vegetables, economic crops, fiber crops, cereal crops, legume crops and yam crops was 2.55, 1.57, 1.35, 1.06, 0.97, 0.53 and 0.32. The changes of acreage proportion of different crops would affect the distribution of fertilizers among crops. The proportion of fertilizer in grain was decreased from 75.4% to 56.0%, While at the same time, the vegetables and the fruits increased from 6.1% to 16.1% and 1.5% to 11.5% separately。There were great differences of fertilizer application rates among crops. The fruit and the vegetable reached to high level of total fertilizer which was 724.5kg/hm~2 and 573 kg/hm~2. The cereal crops, yams crops and legume crops had the lower application rates, which were 273.1 kg/hm~2,238.5 kg/hm~2 and 223.6kg/hm~2.Nitrogen fertilizer application rates were higher than phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. Phosphate and potassium fertilizer application rates range were 33.9kg/hm~2-155.8kg/hm~2 and 10kg/hm~2-70kg/hm~2 separately.It showed by the analysis of double logarithm model that the farmers fertilization behaviors were effected by organic fertilizer, education, fertilizer quality, fertilizer price in 1% significant level, by soil quality in 10% significant level, while agricultural extension service, area, yearly family non-agriculture income were not reached the significant level.Field experiments results indicated that the N,P,K agronomy efficiency was 9.8kg/kg,9.4kg/kg,7.2kg/kg in rice,13.0kg/kg,7.5kg/kg,6.0kg/kg in wheat,11.2kg/kg,9.5kg/kg,9.2kg/kg in maize.Nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency was about 30% in rice and maize, 43.8% in wheat. The nitrogen agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency were lower than the average level of the world.To get high production, high quality, high effectiveness, the relationship among input, output and the efficiency should be processed very well. The excessively high fertilizer application rates led to not only low yield, low nutrient use efficiency, but also fertilizer waste and environment pollution, while the excessively low fertilizer application rates could not reach high production.Based on the analysis above, the suggestions were presented as follows:①Optimize the allocation of fertilizer among areas and crops;②Strengthen the monitoring of soil fertility and fertilizer profits;③Establish the scientific fertilizing system of organic manure with chemical fertilizer;④Adjust the proportion of N,P,K rates and variety;⑤Develop and popularize soil test and fertilizer recommendations;⑥Make different fertilizing measures based on the soil behavior of N,P,K;⑦Strengthen fertilizer macroeconomic regulation and control;⑧Speed up the development and extension of new style slowly/controlled released fertilizer. |
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