| Coptis is the dry rhizome of Ranunculaceae Coptis chinensis Franch or Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao or Coptis teeta Wall,the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia contains Coptis chinensis pieces and Coptis chinensis pieces with ginger juice frying.Coptis chinensis pieces is bitter,cold in medicinal properties,it can clean up pyretic toxicity and arescent humid heat,purging fire to eliminate toxin.After processed by ginger juice,it can alleviate the raw’s bitter and cold and can be good at treating gastropyretic vomiting.Because there are many kinds of sources of Coptis,all place of the specification of pieces is different,there is no standardized processing technique,and the quality of the pieces is not stable.We use the raw product of Coptidis that is clearly based on standardized sources to conduct research on the Coptis chinensis’s purification,cutting,ginger mix frying process.We look for the key factors that influence the quality of the decoction pieces and formulate operating procedures of Coptis chinensis pieces and Coptis chinensis pieces with ginger juice frying to produce quality,stable and controllable high-quality,to improve clinical efficacy.1.By using the methods of ancient and modern literature research to sort out the methods and quality standards of Coptis chinensis pieces and Coptis chinensis pieces with ginger juice frying and lays the foundation for the formulation of practical research plans.2.An HPLC method is established to determine 6 alkaloids(jateorrhizine,columbamine,epiberberine,coptisine,palmatine,berberine).Based on the 4 alkaloids in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the content of jateorrhizine and columbamine with pharmacological activity is increased.The precision,stability,reproducibility and recovery rate of the method are in line with the requirements.The method is applied to evaluate the quality of the decoction pieces in the subsequent research.of Coptis processing technology.3.Study on the Operating Procedures of water washing and soaking process of Coptis chinensis.3.1 The alkaloids in Coptis chinensis are mainly berberine alkaloids,which are easy to dissolve in water and cause loss.Orthogonal test method is used to study the factors affecting the alkaloid content in the water treatment process of Coptis chinensis.Results:Soaking time has a significant effect on the sum of the 6 alkaloids(P<0.05),and the amount of water added has no significant effect on the times of water exchange(P>0.05).However,the times of water exchange have a significant effect on berberine(P<0.05).The softening time and times of water exchange have extremely significant effects on the sum of 6 alkaloids(P<0.01).The amount of water added has a significant effect(P<0.05),and the 3 factors have a very significant effect on berberine(P<0.01).3.2 By means of single factor comparison,the drying temperature and paving thickness of Coptis chinensis pieces are studied with the labor hours,appearance characteristics of decoction pieces,sum of 6 alkaloids and the water content as the evaluation indicators.The thicker the paving thickness,the longer the required labor hours.The effect of drying temperature and paving thickness on the sum of 6 alkaloids is irregular.3.3 Comprehensive consideration not only reduces the loss of alkaloid components,but also achieves the purpose of processing.The results of the above-mentioned study are used to determine the net-work and cutting process of Coptis chinensis as follows:5 times the amount of water,soak for 15 minutes(in the soaking process,the Coptis chinensis will be added into a monotone,and the water will be replaced once to remove impurities,if the impurity content is small,the water can not be changed),remove and cover the humidified material,and soften it according to the size of the medicinal material.4～10h to the same humidity inside and outside(during 2 to 3 times to maintain humidity),cut 1～2mm thin slices,tiled in a porous stainless steel tray,the temperature is 60～80℃,drying time is 2～4h,real-time detection take out when the moisture reaches 11%.According to the above-mentioned optimal net-cutting process,3 samples are prepared in parallel.The shape of the decoction pieces is flat.The sum of the 6 alkaloids is controlled at 8.7633～19.4953%,which is 2.98%～10.32%lower than that of the original medicinal material of Coptis chinensis,and the loss of active ingredients is less.The verification experiment shows that by controlling the key factors in the net-cutting process,the quality of the Coptis chinensis pieces can be stabilized and controlled.4.Study on the Operating Procedures of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying4.1 Confirmation of basic operation method of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.6 kind of alkaloids and appearance traits are used as evaluation indicators of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.A variety of statistical methods are used to compare the factors affecting alkaloid content in the ginger process.Results found:The appearance characteristics of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying are in line with the "brown yellowish surface,slightly spicy ginger flavor." The color of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying that is cooked by the baking method is deeper than that frying method,and the ginger is very light and the aroma is strong.The results of cluster analysis and LSD test show that there is a significant difference between the baked product and the traditional frying product,The sources of ginger,the preparation of ginger juice by different approaches and its moistening process in the traditional ginger frying method have little influence on the content of 6 alkaloids in Coptis chinensis.Therefore,the traditional ginger frying method is used to prepare the Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying,the excipient ginger juice and decoction pieces of Coptis chinensis can be mixed well.4.2 Orthogonal test optimizes the processing technology of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.The appearance characteristics,6 kinds of total alkaloids,yield,and water content of the Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying are used as evaluation indicators.The L9(34)orthogonal test is used to design the optimized processing technology of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.Results:The fry temperature,fry time,and dilution multiple of ginger juice have a significant effect(P<0.01).Moistening time hasa significant effect(P<0.05).The influencing factors are as follows:fry time>dilution multiple ginger juice>fry temperature>moistening time.The processing technology of the selected Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying is as follows:A1B1C2D2.That is,the temperature of fry is(90± 10)℃,and the frying time is 6 min,ginger juice dilution multiple is 1.2 and the moistening time is 30 min.4.3 The effect of frying temperature on the quality of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying is studied by single factor analysis.On the basis of the orthogonal test results,the fixed frying time is 6 min,ginger juice dilution multiple is 1.2,and the moistening time is 30 min.The effect of temperature on the quality of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying is studied.The results show that the appearance characteristics of the processed products at the temperatures of(90±10)℃,(120±10)℃,(150±10)℃ are all in line with the traditional requirements.The content of six alkaloids is 11.5068%～12.5213%.The water content decreases with increasing temperature.It is proved that when the temperature is controlled at 90-150℃,the range of slow-fired ginger frying has little effect on the quality of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying,and proper temperature increase can make it easier for the decoction to achieve safe water content.4.4 The effect of temperature and time interaction on the quality of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying is studied by a small-scale machine frying.The on-line measurement of the piece temperature reaches(70±10)℃ and the appearance of the performance in line with the traditional requirements as criteria for judgment of heat,rapid moisture meter to determine the water content of the decoction pieces less than 12%as the standard for the timing of the pot.The results of LSD test shows that there is no significant effect on the total amount of 6 alkaloids at 120℃ for 10 minutes and 150℃ for 7 minutes,and the appearance traits are in line with the traditional requirements.There is an interaction between temperature and time."High temperature and short time firing" and"low temperature cooking for a long time" can achieve the same purpose.4.5 Based on the above findings,the operation procedures of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice fying are determined as follows:take the clean decoction pieces of Coptis chinensis,add ginger juice,mix well,and cover for 30 minutes.Ginger juice to be fully exhausted,set the fried machine,120℃ fry 10min,remove and let cool,sieve to remove debris.Ginger 12.5kg per 100kg of Coptis chinensis,ginger ratio of ginger 1:1.2.Validate 3 batches of raw product pieces and 20 batches of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying are prepared.The characteristic map technique is used to investigate the stability of the ginger frying process.Twenty batches of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying are used to calibrate 11 common peaks.The common peak area is above 97.2%and the overall similarity is over 99.9%.It shows that the ginger frying process is stable.5.Study on the operation procedures of ginger juiceThe raw ginger juice is selected to prepare ginger juice,and the effect of the number of pressing times on the quality of ginger juice is compared.Results:Multiple presses can promote the transfer of active ingredients of ginger.The total amount of six kinds of alkaloids that are pressed 2 or 3 times in ginger juice and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying is 7.77%to 8.79%higher than that of one-time,and the spicy taste of ginger is even more pronounced.Based on the above research results,the operation procedures of ginger juice is determined as follows:taking ginger,washing,mashing,grinding with water,squeezing juice,grinding the ginger residue with water,repeated pressing,merging juice,and the ratio of ginger juice and ginger is 1.2:1.Using the preferred ginger preparation process,a total of 20 batches of ginger juice samples are prepared.The stability of the process is investigated using the characteristic map technique.A total of 13 common peaks are calibrated.Common peak area accounts for more than 72.3%of the total peak area.The overall similarity of 20 batches of ginger juice is over 94.3%.It shows that the preparation process of ginger juice is stable.The overall similarity between ginger and ginger juice is above 98.7%.It can be seen that ginger juice prepared by the preferred pressing method can basically transfer chemical components of ginger.6.A Preliminary Study on the Principle of Coptis chinensisUPLC-MS method is used to study the chemical components of Coptis chinensis and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying Ethyl acetate.Result:The 23 chemical components identified from Coptis chinensis and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying are all common components of Coptis chinensis and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.After the Coptis chinensis is processed by ginger mix frying,the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate site do not change "quality" and only changed"quantity".Analysis of the change rate of Coptidis chinensis before and after 3 batches of raw product pieces of Coptidis and 20 batches of Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying.The results show that:after the Coptidis chinensis is processed with ginger juice,the alkaloid content of ginger processed products of each batch of raw product pieces changed slightly compared with that of the same batch.The increase or decrease of the content is related to the quality of raw product pieces,and its change trend is:Those with high raw product pieces content decreased after ginger frying,while those with lower raw product pieces content increased after the ginger frying.the results show that the difference between high and low in the total amount of 6 alkaloids in the 3 batches of raw product pieces is 17.02%,and the difference is 7.32%after ginger frying.It shows that ginger frying can make the difference of alkaloid content of Coptis chinensis shrink,and the quality tends to be consistent.Comparing the decoctions of Coptis chinensis and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying,indicating that the dissolution of alkaloids is facilitated by ginger frying.Comparing the contents of 6 alkaloids in the decoctions of Coptis chinensis and Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying,the results show that the rate of decoction of 6 alkaloids is higher than that of some alkaloids,and some of them decreased.The increase or decrease in the rate of decoction is related to the quality of the Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying,and its changing trend is:the content is higher,the decocting rate is decreased;if the content is low,the decoction rate is increased.The rate of decocting after Coptis chinensis with ginger juice frying shows an overall increase trend.We initially believe that:if the content of the Coptis chinensis is higher,the alkaloid content will be reduced by the action of ginger juice frying or preventing the decocting rate,may be related to the ease of its bitter cold.The content of low content of alkaloids is increased by ginger juice frying or promoting dissolution,so as to ensure the efficacy.Ginger juice frying make the quality of the decoction pieces to be consistent and more stable,which is beneficial to the safe and effective clinical application of Coptis chinensis pieces.The research can make the eperience-based concocting process become an industrialized concocting process.Standardized processing technology operating procedures can make the quality of Coptis chinensis pieces stable and controllable,and providing guarantees for the safe and effective use of clinical medications. |
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