| Distiller’s grains,which are the residue of fermentation,contain a variety of unused components,such as cellulose,protein,fat and polysaccharide.The ethanol industry is expanding rapidly,and the expansion of the renewable energy industry is increasing the utilization of by-products.Distiller’s grains have been added to animal diets for hundreds of years and can be used effectively by ruminants.In recent years,with the development of China’s economy,people’s increasing living standards have further promoted the development of aquaculture,beef,mutton and milk and other products demand has gradually increased,meat,milk production has been growing trend.Raising cattle and sheep is an important part of animal husbandry in our country.However,with the growth of demand,there is a shortage of animal feed in China.Therefore,white wine grains with huge annual output become the best choice of feed substitutes.The liquor industry is developing vigorously in our province,and the liquor lees are rich and of high quality.However,fresh distiller’s grains have high water content,difficult to store and transport,and high content of anti-nutrition factors,so they are not suitable for feeding directly for a long time.Therefore,fermented wine lees were selected as the test material in this experiment.In this study,dietary supplementation of 15% and 30% fermented distillers grains was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented distillers grains on average daily gain,serum biochemical,antioxidant capacity,cytokines,immunoglobulin and immune T cell subpopulations,rectal and rumen microbial composition,and intestinal mucosal secreted immunoglobulin A levels of xiwei cattle.The aim is to provide some theoretical data for the development and utilization of fermented lees in ruminant breeding.1.Effect of fermented distiller’s grains on average daily weight gain of xiwei cattleThe experimental animals were 18 xiwei cattles(Simmental cattle × Weining yellow cattle)with age(1.5 ± 0.5 yeas old),weight(388.53 ± 26.02kg),good body condition and similar body condition.The experiment adopted a single factor design,and beef cattle were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group,trial group Ⅰ and trial group Ⅱ.Diets according to Beef Cattle Feeding Standards(NY/T815-2004).The control group was fed with basic diet,while group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed with 15%and 30% fermented distiller’s grains respectively instead of roughage.The pre-trial period was 15 days and the positive trial period was 90 days.The results showed as follows: Compared with the control group,ADG of trial group Ⅰ at 0-30 d and 30-60 d was significantly higher(P < 0.05);The final weight of trial group Ⅱ was significantly higher(P < 0.05),and the ADG was significantly higher at all periods(0-30 d,30-60 d and 60-90d)during the trial period(P < 0.01).The results showed that 15% and 30%fermented distiller’s grains increased the ADG of xiwei cattle in different degrees,and the weight gain effect of 30% fermented distiller’s grains was better.2.Effects of fermented distiller’s grains on serum biochemical indexes and immune indexes of xiwei cattleSerum antioxidant,biochemical,cytokine,immunoglobulin and immune T cell subsets were detected in 3 groups.The results showed that compared with the control group,the concentration of IL-6 in group Ⅰ was significantly higher on the 60 th day(P< 0.01),the activities of serum SOD and GSH-Px were significantly higher on the90 th day(P < 0.05),and the concentration of serum IL-6 was significantly higher on the 90 th day(P < 0.01).In group Ⅱ,the activities of serum GSH-Px and T-AOC were significantly higher on the 30 th day(P < 0.05),the activities of serum GSH-Px,T-AOC,SOD and the concentration of IL-10 were significantly higher on the 60 th day(P < 0.05),the concentration of serum IL-6 was significantly higher(P < 0.01),and the serum T-AOC activity and Ig A concentration were significantly higher on the90 th day(P < 0.05),and the activity of SOD,GSH-Px,the concentration of IL-2,IL-6and CD4 were significantly higher(P < 0.01),and the content of serum MDA was significantly lower(P < 0.01).The results of serum indexes showed that both 15% and 30% fermented distiller’s grains could improve the antioxidant capacity and immune capacity of experimental animals,and the gain effect of 30% fermented distiller’s grains was more significant.3.Effects of fermented distiller’s grains on intestinal mucosal SIgA and gastrointestinal microflora in xiwei cattleThe content of SIgA in small intestinal mucosa of cattle was detected and the rumen fluid and rectal feces were sequenced.The results of species composition analysis showed that the dominant bacteria at the level of rectum and rumen microorganisms in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,and the sum of relative abundance accounted for more than 75% and 80% of the phylum level,respectively(P > 0.05).The results showed that group Ⅰ significantly increased the level of SIgA in small intestinal mucosa and the relative abundance of anaerobes with probiotic characteristics in rectum through myxobacteria(Blautia)and functional microorganism Chloroflexi(P < 0.05).It significantly reduced relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 which could degrade plant cellulose and hemicellulose,and significantly reduced the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota,a methanogenic bacterium(P < 0.05).It significantly increased the level of SIgA in small intestinal mucosa and the relative abundance of Chloroflexi in rumen(P < 0.01),increased the relative abundance of F082 in rumen,and decreased the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota and Ruminococcaceae in rumen(P < 0.05).In conclusion,the supplementation of 30% fermented distilling grains in the diet of xiwei cattle is more suitable than 15%,which can improve the relative abundance of the flora with probiotic function,and improve the ADG,antioxidant capacity,anti-inflammatory capacity,immunity and intestinal mucosal immunity of xiwei cattle. |
PDF Full Text Request