Preliminary Study On The Factors Affecting The Titanium Particles Shedding On The Surface Of Titanium Implants During Implantation

Objective To explore the influence of different implantation methods and bone density of implant area on the surface titanium particle loss during the implantation process of titanium implants,compare the difference of surface damage in different areas of implants,and preliminically compare the differences and similarities of surface titanium particle loss of two implant systems under the same conditions.Methods In this study,Nobel planting system with TiUnite surface treatment and Osstem planting system with acid etching sand blasting surface treatment were selected as research objects.Four implants were selected from each systems and randomly divided into 8 groups.Groups A,C,E and G were TiUnite group,and groups B,D,F and H were sand blasting acid etching group.Polyurethane foam blocks with densities of 30 PCF and 20 PCF were used to simulate osteoid Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS)was used to detect the surface elements of polyurethane foam blocks which were prepared into a model that can be split in two.The implants were divided into three regions:the neck(3 mm on the neck of the implant),the center(4 mm on the body of the implant),and the root tip(3 mm on the root tip).Scanning Electron microscopy(SEM)took images of each area before implantation.Group A and B were implanted into 30 PCF polyurethane foam blocks by the method of tapping drilling.Groups C,D,G and H were respectively implanted into 30 PCF and 20 PCF polyurethane foam blocks by conventional drilling.The implants of group E and F were implanted into 20 PCF polyurethane foam blocks by the undersized drilling.After completion,the implants were removed and put into pure water for ultrasonic shock for 30 min+ultrasonic shock for 30 min in anhydrous alcohol to remove the surface debris.SEM photographs were taken of the implant neck,center,and root tip.The ICP-MS was used to detect the concentration of titanium particles in polyurethane foam blocks.Results 1.It was observed under electron microscope that there were different degrees of damage in different areas of the implant.The damage in the root tip was more serious,and the damage in the neck was less serious.Some titanium particles could be seen scattered on the damaged surface.2.The concentration of titanium particles shed by the implants in the sandblasted and acid-etching group was higher than that in TiUnite group,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).3.The concentration of titanium particles detected around the implant after tapping drilling was lower than that detected after implantation of class Ⅱ bone by conventional drilling,and the difference between the two was statisticalsignificance(P<0.05).The concentration of titanium particles detected around the implant after implantation of class Ⅲbone by undersized drilling was higher in all thread groups than that after conventional drilling,but only in sandblasting and acid etching groups showed a statistical difference(P<0.05).4.After implantation,the most titanium particles were shed around the neck,and the least were shed around the root tip.The difference of titanium particle concentration between the two groups was statistical difference(P<0.05).5.The concentration of titanium particles detected in Class Ⅱ bone was greater than that in Class Ⅲ bone,and there was statistical significance in the comparison of titanium particle concentrations among different bone mineral densities(P<0.05).Conclusions 1.After implantation,the surface of both implant systems suffered from varying degrees of damage,the root tips was seriously damaged,while the neck injury was relatively light.However,the amount of titanium particles shed around the neck was the highest,and the amount of titanium particles shed around the root tip was the least.2.Titanium particles were released during implant implantation.In addition,the amount of titanium particle shedding in the sandblasted and acid-etching group was greater than that in the TiUnite group.3.The surface damage of the tapping drilling method was less,and obvious damage appeared on the surface of implants with undersized drilling,conventional drilling.Moreover,the amount of titanium particles shedding caused by the undersized drilling was the largest,while the amount of titanium particles shedding caused by the tap drill+progressive hole preparation method was the smallest.4.The number of titanium particles shedding varies with different bone density,and the number of titanium particles shedding increases with the increase of bone density.