Effects Of Rosa Roxburghii Tratt Residue On Growth And Metabolism Of Cattle

The exploriation and utilization of unconventional feed resources is of great significance to solve the lack of ruminants forage and reduce feeding cost in China.Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue is a by-product of Rosa roxburghii Tratt extraction.It is an urgent problem to be solved that to increase the utilization rate,reduce the waste of resources and prevent the environment pollution from Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue.Animal feeding test and rumen in vitro fermentation were used in this study to investigate the nutritional value,rumen metabolism,feeding effect of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue on cattle and the application effect of exogenous additives supplementation on Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue,to provide data support for using Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue as cattle feed resource.The paper was consisted of 3experiments.Trial 1:In vitro fermentation evaluation on the characteristics of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue for cattleThree 24-month-old finishing Guizhou native cattles,averaged body weight of287.83 kg,were used as rumen fluid donors.The ANKOM RFS gas production system was used to investigate Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue in vitro fermentation.Cuculmative gas production（GP）and its parameters,digestible organic matter（DOM）,metabolizable energy（ME）,dry matter degradation rate（DMD）,protein degradation rate（CPD）,neutral detergent fiber degradation rate（NDFD）,acid detergent fiber degradation rate（ADFD）,organic matter degradation rate（OMD）,p H,NH₃-N,carboxymethyl cellulase activity,xylanase activity,cellobiase activity,total volatile fatty acids,acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate,isobutyrate,isobalerate,acetate/propionate ratio,and CH₄ production were measured.Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue contains 91.50%dry matter.The content of gross energy（MJ/kg）,protein（CP）,neutral detergent fiber（NDF）,acid detergent fiber（ADF）,and organic matter（OM）in dry matter were 18.19,11.99%,53.71%,47.22%,and 97.03%,respectively.Gas production of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue increased with time.The rapid degradation part（a）was 11.66 m L,the slow degradation part（b）was 252.01 m L,the potential gas production（a+b）was 263.67 m L,the partial gas production rate（c）of slow degradation was 0.0395%/h.The content of digestible organic matter（DOM）,metabolizable energy（ME）were 416.75 g/kg and 3.51 MJ/kg,respectively.Levels of DMD,CPD,NDFD,ADFD,and OMD were 39.02%,34.57%,37.24%,37.71%,and26.28%,respectively.The p H,NH₃-N,carboxymethyl cellulose activity,xylanase activity,and cellobiase activity of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue in vitro fermentation were 5.86,9.25 mg/d L,0.34 U/m L,0.57 U/m L,and 0.29 U/m L,respectively.The total volatile fatty acids,acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate,isobutyrate,and isobalerate of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue in vitro fermentation were 114.78,75.59,30.91,6.88,0.98,0.16,and 0.27 mmol/L,acetate/propionate ratio was 2.46 and the CH₄ production was 28.26 mmol/L,respectively.It is concluded that parameters of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue in vitro rumen fermentation are within a reasonable range,and it was more fitable to be used as roughage in the diet of cattle.Trial 2:Effects of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue on blood metabolites,rumen fermentation and economic benefits of cattles（1）Feeding effect on Guizhou native cattlesEight finishing Guizhou native cattles,averaged 121.50 kg body weight,were allocated to control and treatment with 4 replicates of 1 cattle individually.Control cattles were fed the basal diet without Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue,while the treatment contained 30%.The experiment last 85 d with 15-d adapatation and 70-d trial period,in which a 35-d period was assigned as a sampling time point.Growth performance,plasma metabolites,rumen fermentation parameters and economic benefits were measured.There were no differences in DMI,BW,ANG,ADG,and F/G between the two groups（P>0.05）.The digestibility of DM,GE,CP,NDF,and ADF between the two groups was unaffected（P>0.05）.Level of plasma ALT in treatment cattles was higher than control at 35 d（P<0.05）,but not for it on 70 d（P>0.05）.There was no difference in plasma TP,ALB,Urea,AST,Glu,TG,TC,LDL-C,HDL-C,and AST/ALT ratio levels between the two groups（P>0.05）.Concentration of NH₃-N in treatment was lower than control（P<0.05）.Other parameters of p H,cellulose activities,total volatile fatty acids,acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate,isobutyrate,isobalerate,acetate/propionate ratio and CH₄production were not different（P>0.05）.There was no differences in the total feed cost,feed weight gain cost,total weight gain income and gross profit between the two groups（P>0.05）.It is suggested that Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue can reduce NH₃-N concentration and total feed cost,has no negative effects on growth performance,nutrients digestibility,blood metabolism and rumen fermentation status of Guizhou native cattles.（2）Feeding effect on Simmental hybrid cattlesEight finishing of Simmental hybrid cattles,averaged 351.88 kg body weight,were divided into control and treatment with 4 replicates of 1 cattles individually.The trial diet,trial period and detection measurements were similar to the above trial.There were no difference in DMI,BW,ANG,ADG,and F/G between the two groups（P>0.05）.The digestibility of DM,NDF,and ADF in treatment were lower than control.Level of urea for treatment was lower than control at 35 d and 70 d（P<0.05）.There was no difference in plasma TP,ALB,ALT,AST,Glu,TG,TC,LDL-C,HDL-C,and AST/ALT ratio levels between the two groups of cattles（P>0.05）.There were no markedly difference in p H,NH₃-N concentration,cellulose activities,total volatile fatty acids,acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate,isobutyrate,isobalerate,acetate/propionate ratio,and CH₄ production between the two groups（P>0.05）.The total feed cost of treatment was reduced,and there were no significant differences in the feed weight gain cost,total weight gain income and gross profit between the two groups（P>0.05）.It is suggested that Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue was not beneficial to nutrient digestibility of Simmental hybrid cattles,but could improve blood nitrogen utilization rate and reduce total feed cost.It has no negative effects on growth performance,blood metabolism and rumen fermentation.（3）In vitro fermentation of fed diets to cattleThree 25-month-old finishing Guizhou native cattles,with a similar body weight of 272.33 kg,were used as rumen fluid donors.The above diets for control and treatment were fermented in vitro.Cuculmative gas production and its parameters,nutrienst degradation rate,fermentation parameters in vitro were measured.The GP₂₄,content of DOM and ME for treatment were higher than control（P<0.05）.There was no significant difference in GP₄₈,GP₇₂,a,b,a+b,and c between the two groups（P>0.05）.The DMD,NDFD,and ADFD in treatment were lower than control（P<0.05）and OMD was higher than control（P<0.05）.The CPD was not different（P>0.05）.There were no difference in p H,acetate/propionate ratio,valerate,and isobalerate between the two groups（P>0.05）.The NH₃-N,xylanase activity,TVFA,acetate,propionate,butyrate,and CH₄ production in the treatment were lower than control（P<0.05）.The carboxymethyl cellulase activity,cellobiase activity,and isobutyrate in the treatment were higher than control（P<0.05）.It is suggested that Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue inhibited nutrients degradation and VFA formation in vitro fermentation of cattle,but increased nitrogen utilization rate,cellulase activity and reduced CH₄ production.Trial 3.Effects of enzyme-bacteria synergical treatment for Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue-based total mixed ration on growth,rumen status and economic benefits of cattles（1）Animal feeding trialOne-single factor experimental design was adopted in the study.Twenty-four24-month-old Guizhou native cattles,averaged 209.44 kg body weight,were divided into 4 blocks（control,treatmentⅠ,treatmentⅡ,and treatmentⅢ）with 6 replicates of1 cattles individually.Control cattles were fed a TMR diet with 30%（%DM）Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue.TreatmentⅠdiet was supplemented with 1 500 mg/kg enzymes preparation on the basis of control.TreatmentⅡdiet was supplemented with10 mg/kg lactic acid bacteria preparation on the basis of control.TreatmentⅢdiet was supplemented with 1 500 mg/kg enzyme preparation and 10 mg/kg lactic acid bacteria preparation on the basis of control.The experiment last 85 d with 15-d adapatation and 70-d trial period.Growth performance,blood routine indices,plasma metabolites,plasma antioxidant indexes,rumen fermentation parameters,antioxidant indices of rumen fluid,rumen microflora,and economic benefits were measured.There was no difference in DMI,FBW,ANG,ADG and F/G between 4 groups of cattles（P>0.05）.Digestibility of DM,GE,CP,NDF and ADF between the groups was unaffected（P>0.05）.In terms of blood routine indices,the content of MPV in treatmentⅡwas lower than other 3 groups（P<0.05）.There were no differences in WBC,RBC,HGB,HCT,MCV,MCH,MCHC,RDW-CV,RDW-SD,PLT,PDW and PCT contents among all groups（P>0.05）.Level of urea for control was higher than treatmentⅡ（P<0.05）and ALT of treatmentⅢwas higher than control and treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.Levels of TP,ALB,AST,Glu,TC,LDL-C,HDL-C and AST/ALT ratio were not different among all groups（P>0.05）.Concentration of GSH-Px in the control and treatmentⅠwere higher than treatmentⅡ（P<0.05）and treatmentⅢ（P<0.05）.There was no differences in plasma SOD,CAT,MDA,T-AOC levels among the four groups（P>0.05）.The NH₃-N concentration of the 3 treatments was lower than control（P<0.05）,and the acetate/propionate ratio of treatmentⅠand treatmentⅢwere higher than control（P<0.05）and treatmentⅡ（P<0.05）.There was no differences in p H,cellulose activities,total volatile fatty acids,acetate,propionate,butyrate,valerate,isobutyrate,isobalerate,acetate/propionate ratio and CH₄production among all groups（P>0.05）.Contents of rumen fluid SOD in control and treatmentⅠwere higher than treatmentⅡ（P<0.05）and treatmentⅢ（P<0.05）.There was no differences in plasma levels of GSH-Px,CAT,MDA,T-AOC among the 4groups of cattles（P>0.05）.The Bacteroideta,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial phylum of rumen microflora in each groups,and there was no difference in relative abundance at phylum level（P>0.05）.The Prevotella,Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group and unclassified bacteria F082 were the dominant bacterial genus of rumen microflora in each groups.The Prevotella UCG-001 in treatmentⅡwas higher than treatmentⅢ（P<0.05）.The anaeroplasma in control,treatmentⅠ,and treatmentⅡwere higher than treatmentⅢ（P<0.05）,meanwhile the monoglobus in treatmentⅠwas higher than other 3 groups（P<0.05）.There was no difference in relative abundances of other genus among all groups（P>0.05）.The index of Chao 1,Shannon,Simpson,Observed＿species,Good’s Coverage,PD,and ACE were not different among the 4 groups（P>0.05）.There were no differences in total feed cost,feed weight gain cost,total weight gain income,and gross profit among all groups（P>0.05）.We concluded that the synergical effect of enzymes preparation and lactic acid bacteria on the nutritional value of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue TMR diet was not obvious.（2）In vitro fermentation of fed dietsThree 25-month-old finishing Guizhou native cattles,with a similar body weight of 270.67 kg,were used as rumen fluid donors.The above 4 diets were fermented in vitro.Cuculmative gas production and its parameters,nutrients degradation rate,fermentation parameters were measured.The GP₂₄ in treatmentⅠwas lower than other3 groups of cattles（P<0.05）,and control was lower than treatment III（P<0.05）.The GP₄₈ and GP₇₂ in treatmentⅡand treatmentⅢwere higher than treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.The a in control,treatmentⅡ,and treatmentⅢwere lower than treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.The b in treatmentⅡand treatmentⅢwere higher than treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.The a+b in treatment groups 2 and 3 were higher than those in treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.There were no differences in gas production rate,DOM content,and ME among all groups（P>0.05）.The CPD in treatmentⅠ,treatmentⅡ,and treatmentⅢwere lower than control（P<0.05）.The DMD,NDFD and ADFD,and OMD were not different among all groups（P>0.05）.The carboxymethyl cellulase activity and isobutyrate in treatmentⅠ,treatmentⅡ,and treatmentⅢwere higher than control（P<0.05）.The butyrate in control,treatmentⅡand treatmentⅢwere higher than treatmentⅠ（P<0.05）.The isobutyrate and acetate/propionate ratio in treatmentⅠand treatmentⅢwere lower than control（P<0.05）,and treatmentⅠwas lower than treatmentⅡ（P<0.05）.There were no difference in p H,NH₃-N,xylanase activity,cellobiase activity,TVFA,acetate,propionate,valerate,isobalerate and CH₄ production among all groups（P>0.05）.Enzyme-bacteria treatment increased carboxymethyl cellulase activitycould in the TMR containig Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue.The rumen fermentation effect of lactic acid bacteria preparation or compound enzyme-bacteria preparation was better than enzyme preparation.The above results indicated that Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue can be used as forage for cattle.Single use of enzymes preparation or lactic acid bacteria preparation or both enzyme-bacteria preparation has limited effect on nutritional improvement in Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue TMR diet.