| Background:Reinforcement sensitivity theory（RST）is one of the most concerned theories of personality physiology and psychology in recent years.This theory,proposed by Gray（1987,1991）,assumes the existence of two independent subsystems in the nervous system,sensitive to signals of reward and punishment,respectively,and modulating people’s behavior through reinforcing effects.There have been more foreign studies on enhanced sensitivity,both in English,Spanish and Dutch.There are many studies on adult reinforcement sensitivity in China.On the basis of foreign psychometric tools and combined with Chinese cultural background,the adult reinforcement sensitivity scale was compiled,and the reliability validity research was conducted with a sample of college students.In 2016,the Spanish version of the Child Intensive Sensitization Scale（SPSRQ-C）in the Spanish community,yielding a final three-factor model with moderate to goodness-of-fit.However,there is less research on the reinforcement sensitivity of children in China,and there is no child reinforcement sensitivity questionnaire suitable for local language.Studies have found that some childhood psychiatric disorders（e.g.:ODD,ASD et al.）are highly associated with punishment sensitivity and reward sensitivity in children.There are few studies of externalities on SPSRQ-C with experimental measures of punishment and reward sensitivity.Objective:This study is to formulate the Chinese version of the survey scale according to the foreign version of SPSRQ-C survey scale,and analyze its reliability and validity.The characteristics of punishment and reward sensitivity of ADHD children were analyzed by using the children’s enhanced sensitivity questionnaire developed in the first stage of research,and the abnormal disease model of enhanced sensitivity theory was used to better explain the core defects of ADHD,so as to provide more accurate evaluation and treatment for ADHD children.Objective:This study is to formulate the Chinese version of the survey scale according to the foreign version of the SPSRQ-C survey scale,and to analyze the reliability and validity.Apply the child reinforcement sensitivity questionnaire developed by the Phase 1 study to analyze the characteristics of child punishment and reward sensitivity in ADHD,and apply the disease model with abnormal reinforcement sensitivity theory to better explain the core defects of ADHD,by providing more accurate evaluation and treatment for children with ADHD.Methods:According to the definition of strengthening sensitivity of Gray et al,refer to the foreign children to strengthen sensitivity questionnaire,translated into Chinese,and formulate seven dimensions,anxiety,impulse,fun impulse,feeling reward,compulsive,response to social recognition,fear/shyness,combined with the domestic cultural background,the questions in the questionnaire is adjusted,the scale items as 33.Psychologists with extensive clinical experience should perform reverse translation for validation.And invite domestic psychology experts and graduate students in psychology to revise and improve these projects to form the domestic Child Strengthening Sensitivity Scale（SPSRQ-C）.The score of each subscale is described by the mean（standard deviation）,and the reliability,structural validity,validity and standard validity of the scale are calculated.Reliance analysis evaluates the internal consistency reliability of the scale by calculating the Cronbach’s αcoefficients.The CBCL dimensions were used as the school standard to investigate the calibration validity of the SPSRQ-C questionnaire.By random stratified sampling,grades 4-6 were selected from three primary schools in Jinan,Yantai and Linyi City in Shandong Province,and school-age children aged about 9-12 were the test subjects.Parents are requested to fill out the Child Behavioral Scale（CBCL）and the SPSRQ-C Scale.In the second stage,the Children’s Health Care Clinic of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University applied the ADHD diagnostic scale（ADHD diagnostic scale,ADHDDS-P）based on the Diagnostic and Statistics of Mental Diseases（DSM-5）as the evaluation scale,and 113 children diagnosed with ADHD aged 9-12 years were randomly selected to complete the SPSRQ-C scale.randomly selected 112 children aged 10-12 years through ADHDDS-P were excluded as control groups to complete the SPSRQ-C scale.All children（children ADHD and controls）had an IQ score above 70,no psychiatric disorders,no neurological disorders,no learning disabilities such as dyslexia,no sensory disorders,and no psychiatric motor disorders.The guardians received informed consent from all investigations.Results:In the analysis of the results of SPSRQ-C results,evaluating the consistency reliability within the scale by calculating the Cronbach’s α coefficient by seven factors found lower internal consistency among the factors,so it can be considered that the external validity is extended to child patients.The seven dimensions were therefore integrated into five dimensions and analyzed for reliability validity.The original 7 factor was integrated into factor 5,namely anxiety（5）,driver（5）,sensory reward+response to social recognition（6）,impulse（6）to look for fun,impulse avoidance+fear/shy（11）.The internal consistency coefficient of the five factors was above 0.6 with high reliability.All dimensions of CBCL were used as the calibration standard to investigate the calibration validity of the SPSRQ-C questionnaire,with positive correlation between SPSRQ-C and CBCL factors,indicating that the questionnaire had good calibration validity.The second study of reinforcement sensitivity in children with ADHD found abnormalities in reinforcement sensitivity of shyness,anxiety,impulsivity and no obvious abnormalities in reinforcement sensitivity of drive and reward response and control groups.Conclusion:Fitting index analysis of the SPSRQ-C five-factor model and confidence interval estimates for each factor（unilateral 95%）show a standardized coefficient from five-factor modeling,consistency of each factor（α）,fitting index and correlation between the factor.The results show that the five-factor modeling has a higher fitting index and a high confidence interval.The results showed that the questionnaire basically met the design idea.Secondly,the scale has good validity,using the various dimensions in the CBCL scale to investigate the validity of the SPSRQ-C questionnaire.The results are consistent with existing studies to show that the scale has good validity correlation validity.It is generally accepted that children with ADHD are more responsive to reward responsiveness,and more sensitive to persistent reward,monetary reward,and timely reward.The sensitivity to punishment,this study is not consistent.Some studies have found significantly lower punishment sensitivity in children and adolescents compared to controls,while others have found that children with ADHD are more sensitive to punishment than controls.This study found abnormalities in the reinforcement sensitivity of shyness,anxiety,and impulse in ADHD children,but also no obvious abnormalities in driving and reward responsiveness and control groups.Clinical evaluation and treatment decisions of children can be formulated based on the enhanced sensitivity of children with ADHD.While these findings highlight the potential use of SPSRQ-C in assessing child sensitivity to reward and punishment,with the aim of providing personalized behavioral interventions. |
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