| Background and objective:Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is one of most important chronic non-communicable diseases in the world,which can damage to cardiovascular system,kidney,vision and nervous system.In recent years,the consumption of dairy products have increased rapidly in China.Dairy play an important role in human nutrition enhancement.However,there was a controversial association between dairy intake and T2 DM,and few recent research on the molecular mechanism on dairy nutrients and T2 DM.Therefore,this study intends to investigate the association between the dairy intake and the prevalence of T2 DM,and to explore the internal biological mechanism on dairy nutrients and T2 DM using bioinformatics methods.It is to provide reference for dairy intake in adults.Methods:A cross sectional study was used to analysis the association between dairy intake and the risk of T2 DM.A four-stage random sampling method was used to recruit 6 000 adults aged 35-74 in Qingdao,and a total of 5 110 individuals were initially enrolled in this study.Strict exclusion criteria was used: no date of milk frequency and intake,yogurt frequency and intake,milk powder frequency and intake,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2 hour postload plasma glucose(2h PG).Finally,4 855 individuals were included in this study.Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze the association between milk,yogurt and milk powder intake and the risk of T2 DM.Bioinformatics study was used to investigate the internal molecular mechanism on dairy nutrients and T2 DM.The genes about dairy nutrients(calcium,retinol,iron,vitamin C)and T2 DM were obtain using comparative toxicogenomics Database(CTD)and Pub Med GEO datasets,and the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)about dairy nutrients and T2 DM were screened.Gene ontology(GO)and KEGG pathway on DEGs of dairy nutrients and T2 DM was performed by DAVID online software.Results:1.The cross-sectional study showed the prevalence of T2 DM was not significant difference in total dairy intake(P both >0.05).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with milk intake was significantly higher than that without milk intake(P = 0.063).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with milk intake ≥4 times/week was significantly higher than that with0 times/week(P <0.001).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with milk intake ≥200 g/d was higher than that with 0 g/d(P =0.001).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with yogurt intake was significantly lower than that without yogurt intake(P = 0.011).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with yogurt intake ≥2 times/week was significantly lower than that with 0time/week(P = 0.036).The prevalence of T2 DM in adults with yogurt ≥30 g/d was significantly lower than that with 0 g/d and 0～30 g/d(P = 0.030).The prevalence of T2 DM was not significant difference in milk powder intake and frequency(P all >0.05).2.After adjusted age,gender,body mass index,marriage,resident districts,alcoholdrinking status,occupational physical activity,family history of diabetes,hypertension et al,compared with those without total dairy,the multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM with total dairy intake was 1.04(0.87,1.25).The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for 0～40g/d,41～115 g/d,>115 g/d vs.0 g/d were 1.02(0.77,1.35),0.92(0.69,1.21),0.99(0.74,1.31)for total dairy.Compared with those without milk,the multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM with milk intake was 1.02(0.85,1.24).The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for ≥4times/week vs.0 times/week was 1.25(0.98,1.59)for milk.The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for ≥200 g/d vs.0 g/d was 1.18(0.83,1.68)for milk.Compared with those without yogurt,the multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM with yogurt intake was 0.77(0.56,1.04).The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for <2 times/week,≥2 times/week vs.0times/week were 0.77(0.48,1.22),0.77(0.53,1.12)for yogurt.The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for ≥30 g/d vs.0 g/d was 0.62(0.40～0.96)for yogurt.Compared with those without milk powder,the multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM with milk powder intake was 0.84(0.59,1.20).The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for <2 times/week,≥2 times/week vs.0 times/week were 0.81(0.48,1.37),0.95(0.58,1.54)for milk powder.The multivariable OR(95%CI)of T2 DM for <4 g/d,≥4 g/d vs.0 g/d were 0.74(0.44,1.26)、1.01(0.62,1.66)for milk powder.3.GEO and CTD database analysis showed that there were 25 DEGs associated with T2 DM and calcium,3 DEGs associated with T2 DM and retinol,21 DEGs associated with T2 DM and iron and 28 DEGs associated with T2 DM and vitamin C.Go analysis indicated that alcium,retinol,iron,vitamin C and T2 DM were mainly involved in biological processes,cell components and molecular functions,such as calcium,retinol,iron,vitamin C and T2 DM were mainly involved in apoptosis and proliferation,cellular response to lipopolysaccharide,extracellular space,perinuclear region of cytoplasm,growth factor activity and protein binding.KEGG analysis showed that calcium,retinol,iron,vitamin C and T2 DM were mainly involved in HIF-1 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,Thyroid hormone signaling pathway and Fox O signaling pathway,and so on.Conclusions:Total milk intake and milk intake were not associated with the risk of T2 DM.However,yogurt consumption of ≥30 g/d is negatively associated with T2 DM.Powder intake was not associated with the risk of T2 DM.The related nutrients of dairy(Calcium,retinol,vitamin C)may affact T2 DM through apoptosis and proliferation,lipopolysaccharide,HIF-1 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,Thyroid hormone signaling pathway and Fox O signaling pathway.But it should be validated with the long study and intervention test. |
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