Differences In Bird Diversity In Different Types Of Forests

Primary forests provide important habitats and foraging niches for bird diversity,but these habitats and foraging niches are being threatened by massive anthropogenic activities in the Anthropocene.The loss of biodiversity due to the conversion of primary forests to secondary and planted forests reduces ecosystem function and ecosystem services.However,few studies have been conducted on the distribution patterns of bird diversity in different types of forests caused by anthropogenic activities,especially from the perspective of species richness,phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity simultaneously.In this study,the global literature about bird diversity in different forest types was collected and the global data set of bird distribution（presence/absence）in different forest types was extracted and collated.The community data of 2117 bird species in three forest types（408 primary forest sample transects,341 secondary forest sample transects and 404 plantation forest sample transects）were compiled.We also used this bird list to build a bird phylogenetic tree for phylogenetic diversity analysis,and collected their body mass and trophic level data to build a functional dendrogram for functional diversity analysis.We analyzed the distribution patterns of bird taxonomic diversity,phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity in different forest types worldwide.At the same time,bird data from three Zoogeographic realms with sufficient data were selected for the same analysis to investigate the consistency and differences of bird diversity patterns in different Zoogeographic realms with global distribution patterns.The main results are as follows.（1）In this study,the bird community data of three forest types in 1153 sample transects in 74 forest sample sites worldwide were counted,with a total of 2117 bird species,accounting for 24% of the global bird species,belonging to 26 orders and126 families,among which 76 families and 1391 species were dominated by Passeriformes.The primary forests contain 1529 species of birds,the secondary forests contain 1107 species,and the plantation forests contain 703 species.These forest bird species have the highest number of insectivorous（1134 species,53%）and frugviore（404 species,19%）bird species.（2）The 2117 forest bird species include one critically endangered species（Rhinoplax vigil）,11 endangered species,40 vulnerable species,and 110near-threatened species.Compared with secondary forests and plantation forests,primary forests have the most threatened species,with one critically endangered,nine endangered,26 vulnerable and 92 near-endangered species,respectively.In addition,primary forests also have the most rare species.（3）Compared with secondary forests and plantation forests,primary forests have higher species richness,higher phylogenetic diversity and higher functional diversity.Compared with primary and secondary forests,bird communities in plantation forests have more clustered phylogenetic structure,more clustered functional structure,and lighter average weight.（4）The distribution patterns of birds in Afrotropical and Indo-Malay were more similar to the global ones.While the Neotropical,secondary forests had the highest bird species richness,the lowest phylogenetic diversity,the lowest functional diversity,the most clustered phylogenetic structure and functional structure,and the lightest body weight of birds.The above results indicate that primary forests are important for bird diversity conservation.Primary forests protect both more bird species and threatened birds,as well as the phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity of forest birds.In contrast,plantation forests after anthropogenic disturbance possess lower bird diversity and clustered community structure,which are not conducive to the conservation of forest bird diversity.The results of this paper emphasize the importance of primary forests for the conservation of forest bird biodiversity.