The Effect Of Bird Social Behavior On Blood Parasite Infection Rates

The haemosporidian parasites are globally distributed,vector-borne zoonotic diseases,including Plasmodium,Haemoproteus,and Leucocytozoon,which are common in birds.In vivo parasites can cause diseases such as malaria and cause harm to bird health.Phylogenetic studies have shown that the ancestors of other existing hematopoietic worms,including humans and other mammalian malaria,originate from the genus Hematopoietic,so the study of the virulence and transmission mechanisms and protection of human hematoformis Public health and safety are of great significance.In order to explore the effects of cluster behavior on different types of hematopoietic infections in birds,this study collated the information on global bird blood parasitic infections in the Mai Alv database,and collected information on 1493 species of birds infected with hematoporosis,comparing mixed-species flocks with differences in the infection rates of different blood sporozoans between non-flocks birds.At the same time,the differences of different types of blood parasites between mixed-species flocks birds and non-flock birds in different climatic zones,biogeographic regions,bird body size and feeding habits were compared to comprehensively analyze different factors and cluster behaviors for bird-infected blood parasites.Interaction.The main findings are as follows:(1)The results of studies on different haemosporidian parasites in both mixed-species flock and non-flock birds showed there was a significant difference in the infection rates between Plasmodium(T=2.244,df=593,p=0.025)and Haemoproteus(T=2.083,df=516,p=0.038)between the mixed-species flock and non-flock birds.The infection rate of birds in the mixed-species flock is significantly higher than that of non-flock birds.The infection rate of Leucocytozoon was not significantly different between the mixed-species flocks and non-flock birds(T=-0.506,df=290,p=0.606).Therefore,the relationship between the mixed-species flocking behavior of birds and the infection rate of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus is more in line with the expectation of the "Amplification Effect" hypothesis: the species and quantity of birds in the mixed-species flock birds are more,the relationship between them is more close and the contact is more frequent.There is a “Amplification Effect” on the infection rate of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in the mixed-species flock of birds.(2)Investigating the influencing mechanism of different zoogeographical regions,the bird’s body size,and diet type on the infection rate of haemosporidian parasites in both mixed-species flock and non-flock birds,show that different factors were found in the infection rate of the mixed-species flock and non-flock birds haemosporidian.The difference may have different effects,and the effect may be enhanced,as well as offset.The results of studies on different biogeographic regions indicate that the mixed-species flocking behavior of Afrotropical realm’s birds has significantly increased the infection rate of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon,and the mixed-species flocking behavior of Neotropical and Palaearctic realm birds has significantly increased the rate of Haemoproteus infection.However,infections of the same haemosporidian in different zoogeographical regions of the same tropical or temperate zone may also be diverse.The mixed-species flocking behavior of “The large birds” did not amplify the infection rate of all haemosporidian.Just the infection rate of Plasmodium in “the large birds” was significantly different between the mixed-species flock and non-flock birds.There was also no significant difference in the infection rate of haemosporidian between the mixed-species flock and non-flock birds of invertebrate birds.The mixed-species flocking behavior only had a significant effect on the infection of omnivorous birds against Plasmodium,and the diet type did not show a clear trend in the infection of different types of haemosporidian.The relationship between different ecological or non-ecological factors and the “Amplification Effect” of haemosporidian in mixed-species flocking behavior reflects that the infection rate of birds with haemosporidian is affected by multiple factors.This effect may be directly affected by these factors in the haemosporidian,or indirectly by the vector insects acting on the bird host or directly on the bird host.