Identification et caracterisation de facteurs impliques dans la replication et la stabilite des genomes des organelles de plantes

Compared to the nuclear genome, very little is known about the genomes of the two plant cytoplasmic organelles, the plastid and the mitochondria. Indeed, very few factors involved in either the replication or the repair of these genomes have been identified. Here we show the implication of the Whirly protein family in the maintenance of organellar DNA. Indeed, mutations in Whirly genes lead to DNA rearrangements in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays plastids. These rearrangements are the product of microhomology-mediated break-induced replication that rarely occurs in wild-type plants but increases in absence of Whirly proteins. In a mutant plant devoid of plastidial Whirly proteins, these new DNA molecules can be amplified up to fifty times the normal DNA level and cause a variegated phenotype.;In the course of the study of the Whirly mutant plants, we developed a strategy, based on the use of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, to induce DNA double-strand breaks specifically in plant organelles. The Arabidopsis mutant plants without Whirly proteins in the plastids are more sensitive to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin than wild-type plants. Accordingly, there is a much larger increase in the number of rearranged DNA molecules in the plastids of the mutant plants than in the control plants. Surprisingly, while the mutant plants devoid of Whirly proteins in the mitochondria do not show increased sensitivity to the drug, they do accumulate more rearrangements in their mitochondrial DNA compared to wild-type plants. These results suggest that the Whirly proteins are involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in the plant organelle genomes.;Our study of the plant organelle genome stability has lead us to a family of proteins homologous to the DNA polymerase I in bacteria. This family has been proposed to be responsible for most of the DNA-synthesis activity in the plant organelles. We bring genetic proof to support this hypothesis using mutants of the two PolI genes of Arabidopsis. The combined mutation of both genes is lethal and the single mutations cause a decrease in the relative DNA levels in the organelles, thus confirming the involvement of both genes in DNA replication. Interestingly, mutants of the PolIB but not PolIA gene shows increase sensitivity to ciprofloxacin suggesting a function in DNA repair. In line with these results, a cross between a PolIB mutant and the mutant of plastid Whirly genes resulted in plants with severe growth defects and numerous rearrangements in the plastid DNA. In conclusion, we have identified two factors involved in the metabolism of organelle DNA and proposed a simple model of how these genomes are maintained in the plant cell.;Keywords : Plant biology, maintenance of the genome, DNA replication, DNA repair, plastid, mitochondria, Whirly proteins, DNA polymerase.