| PurposeThrough the quantitative characterization of the characters and characteristics of the "quality and shape theory" of different varieties,specifications and grades of pilose antler decoction pieces,the scientific connotation and practical significance of the "quality and shape theory" of pilose antler decoction pieces were studied respectively by cluster analysis and principal component analysis combined with the content analysis of main chemical components.Materials and methodsMaterials and methods1 Sample collection: 22 batches of different types,specifications and grades of medicinal materials,including 20 batches of plum blossom antler and 2 batches of horse antler.2 Methods2.1 Quantitative study on the character index of "differentiation and qualitative analysis" of velvet antler decoction pieces2.1.1 Shape and texture characterization of velvet antler decoction pieces2.1.1.1 Shape characterization: vernier calipers were used to measure the short axis and long axis of each sample piece,and roundness(roundness R= short axis/long axis)was used as the index to quantify the shape characteristics of velvet antler piece.2.1.1.2 Texture characterization: sand piling method was adopted to measure the texture characteristics of each sample yinpian.Density(P density =(M yinpian)/(V measuring cannon-v fine sand))was used as the index to quantify the texture characteristics of the yinpian of velvet antler.2.1.2 Light transmittance characterization of velvet antler decoction pieces: the light transmittance of each sample velvet antler decoction pieces was determined by LS116 light transmittance tester,and the gloss of velvet antler decoction pieces was quantitatively characterized by light transmittance(T%).2.1.3 Color characterization of velvet antler decoction pieces: the cs-600 color difference meter was used to determine the values of L*,a* and b* of the color characteristic parameters of each sample velvet antler decoction pieces,and the total chroma of internal,external and "E*ab" was calculated respectively to quantify the color characteristics of velvet antler decoction pieces.2.1.4 Gas characterization of pilose antler decoction pieces: PEN3 electronic nose system was used to measure the "gas" of each pilose antler decoction pieces.The essence of "gas" of pilose antler decoction pieces was analyzed by the response curve of 10 sensors,the signal value of each time point and the star radar map or bar finger pattern.In addition,principal component analysis(PCA),linear discriminant method(LDA)and sensor differential contribution analysis(Loadings)were used to compare the similarities and differences of "qi" in different varieties,specifications and grades of velvet antler slices.2.2 Study on the chemical constituents of "shape differentiation and quality analysis" of velvet antler decoction pieces2.2.1 Analysis of water-soluble proteins and amino acids: 18 amino acids,including bovine serum albumin and aspartic acid,were determined by colomassie bright blue g-250 color development,spectrophotometry and column derived high performance liquid chromatography,respectively.2.2.2 Determination of total phospholipid content: the content of total phospholipid in various tasting tablets was determined by spectrophotometry with molybdenum blue color reagent for color development and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as the control.2.2.3 Total polysaccharide content determination: the content of total polysaccharide in various drinking tablets was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid coloration and d-anhydrous glucose spectrophotometry.2.2.4 Nucleoside component analysis: HPLC method was used to determine the contents of four nucleoside components in all kinds of qingyin tablets by using uracil,uridine,inosine and guanosine as control.2.2.5 Cholesterol content determination: HPLC method was used to determine the cholesterol content in various tasting tablets.2.3 Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of "shape differentiation and quality analysis" of velvet antler slices2.3.1 Cluster analysis: the above experimental data were standardized and analyzed by cluster analysis,so as to obtain a more reasonable classification method for velvet antler slices.2.3.2 Principal component analysis: normalize and analyze the above experimental data with the principal component analysis method to judge the contribution rate of each index to the classification and quality evaluation of velvet antler decoction pieces,and select the optimal indicator to indicate the quality of velvet antler decoction pieces.Results1.Quantitative study on the index of "quality of antler decoction pieces"1.1 The shape and texture of velvet antler slices1.1.1 Shape representation: the roundness of "wax slices" ranges from 0.85 to 0.93,the roundness of "wax powder slices" ranges from 0.89 to 0.90,the roundness of "powder slices" ranges from 0.79 to 0.83,the roundness of "blood slices" ranges from 0.79 to 0.89,and the roundness of "white slices" ranges from 0.76 to 0.86.Among them,the roundness of blood slices of horse antler is slightly larger than that of sika deer,and the roundness of white slices is slightly smaller than that of sika deer.1.1.2 Texture characteristics: the density of "wax tablet" was 1.061-1.310,the density of "wax tablet" was 0.914-1.240,the density of "blood tablet" was 0.565-1.034,the density of "white tablet" was 0.646 ~ 0.990,and the density of "powder tablet" was 0.833 ~ 1.039.The density of wax tablets was the largest,with the wax powder tablets slightly smaller than the wax tablets,followed by the powder tablets.The density of blood tablets was close to that of the white tablets,that is,the density of the blood tablets gradually decreased from the tip of the velvet antler to the root.The density of white slices of pilose antler was slightly higher than that of sika deer,and the blood slices of pilose antler were close to that of sika deer.1.2 Characteristics of light transmittance of velvet antler slices: the light transmittance of "wax slices" was 0.6%~2.4%,and that of "wax powder slices" was 1.1%~2.0%,which was close to that of wax slices."Blood" of light transmittance was 0.2% ~ 10.4%,and "white" light transmittance of 12.2% ~ 26.6%,and "powder" light transmittance was 1.8% ~ 7.2%.The light transmittance of wax tablet and wax powder tablet was smaller,followed by powder tablet,blood tablet was smaller than white tablet,and the light transmittance of white tablet was the largest.The light transmittance of blood tablets and white tablets of pilose antler was lower than that of blood tablets and white tablets of sika deer.1.3 Color characteristics of velvet antler decoction pieces: the total color value of the powder was greater than the total color value of the surface color of the prepared pieces for the same sample.The total color value of the prepared pieces was "wax tablets" in 54.35 ~63.37,"wax powder tablets" in 61.05 ~ 63.17,"blood tablets" in 27.97 ~ 45.48,"white tablets" in 64.38 ~ 71.60,and "powder tablets" in 46.36 ~ 67.91.The total chroma of the powder was 64.77 ~ 83.49,73.24 ~ 73.95,55.97 ~ 64.11,71.23 ~ 82.78,and 66.07 ~ 75.18,respectively.The total chroma value from large to small is the highest in white tablets,wax tablets and wax powder tablets close,followed by powder tablets,blood tablets the smallest.1.4 Gas characterization of pilose antler decoction pieces: by measuring the "gas" characterization,the two varieties of pilose antler of plum blossom and pilose antler of horse can be distinguished.Among the different specifications of sika deer,wax slices,wax powder slices,blood slices and white slices can be clearly distinguished.Antler can be well distinguished between different specifications;There is no distinction between specifications and grades.2 Study on the chemical constituents of "shape differentiation and quality analysis" of velvet antler decoction pieces2.1 Analysis of water-soluble proteins and amino acids2.1.1 Determination of water-soluble protein content: the water-soluble protein content of each velvet antler decoction piece was different to some extent.The water-soluble protein content of "wax tablet" was 0.71% ~ 1.5%,"wax powder tablet" was 0.83% ~ 0.84%,"powder tablet" was 0.76% ~ 0.88%,"blood tablet" was 0.62% ~ 0.92%,and "white tablet" was 0.49% ~ 0.74%.The content of wax tablets was the highest,followed by wax powder tablets,followed by powder tablets,blood tablets were slightly greater than white tablets.2.1.2 Amino acids composition analysis: different varieties,specifications and grades of pilose antler yinpian kinds and content are less of free amino acid in the hydrolyzed amino acids,all velvet antler yinpian contains 17 kinds of amino acids and 7 kinds of essential amino acid,tryptophan(Trp)are not detected,in which "wax" is 44.9% ~ 54.3%,"wax powder is 37.5% ~ 53.2%,""blood" of 31.4% ~ 38.1%,and "white" is 28.5% ~ 43.1%,the"powder" is 25.0% ~ 38.3%;The content of "wax tablets" was the highest,followed by "wax powder tablets",followed by white tablets,powder tablets and blood tablets.2.2 Determination of total phospholipid content: the total phospholipid content of "wax tablets" in each velvet antler decoction pieces was 1.50% ~ 1.71%,and that of "wax powder tablets" was 1.01% ~ 1.06%."Blood tablets" were 0.87% ~ 1.19%,"white tablets" were0.89% ~ 0.99%,and "powder tablets" were 0.89% ~ 1.16%.The content of wax tablets was the highest,followed by wax powder tablets.The content of blood tablets was slightly higher than that of powder tablets,and the content of white tablets was the lowest.There was no significant difference between blood and white tablets of deer antler and sika deer.2.3 Determination of total polysaccharide content: the total polysaccharide content of each sample of pilose antler decoction pieces was different;Wax tablets had the highest content,followed by wax powder tablets,blood tablets and white tablets had the same content,and powder tablets had the lowest content."Wax" total polysaccharide content was 1.09% ~1.21%,"wax powder" was 1.04%,the "blood" of 0.40% ~ 0.61%,and "white" is 0.29% ~0.57%,the "powder" is 0.36% ~ 0.46%.2.4 Determination of nucleoside components: uracil,uridine,inosine,guanosine and four nucleoside components were detected in all the samples of pilose antler decoction pieces,and there was a certain difference in the total amount of the four nucleosides.The "wax tablets" were 2.019 ~ 3.014 mg·g-1,"wax powder tablets" were 2.136 ~ 2.138 mg·g-1,"blood tablets" were 1.169 ~ 1.498 mg·g-1,"white tablets" were 0.9677 ~ 1.579mg·g-1,and "powder tablets" were 0.9156 ~ 1.691 mg·g-1.Content from high to low for wax tablets,wax powder tablets,powder tablets,white tablets,blood tablets;The differences between different breeds are not obvious.2.5 Cholesterol content determination: cholesterol content in "wax tablet" was 0.7837 ~1.1255 mg·g-1,"wax tablet" was 0.8431 ~ 0.8807 mg·g-1,"wax tablet" was 0.2851 ~ 0.3934mg·g-1,"blood tablet" was 0.2794 ~ 0.3362 mg·g-1,and "white tablet" was 0.3187 ~0.7358mg·g-1.In general,the content of wax tablets,wax powder tablets,white tablets,powder tablets,blood tablets from high to low;The cholesterol content of white tablet of pilose antler was slightly higher than that of sika deer,and the difference between blood tablet and sika deer blood tablet was not significant.3 Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of "shape differentiation and quality analysis" of velvet antler slices3.1 Cluster analysis: through cluster analysis of the character characteristics and the characterization data of chemical components,all the velvet antler decoction pieces were divided into four categories: "wax slices" and "wax powder slices" were classified into one category,"blood slices" into one category,"white slices" into one category,and "powder slices" into one category.3.2 Principal component analysis: according to different varieties,specifications and grades of pilose antler yinpian 12 indexes of principal component analysis,to extract the 3 principal components,and ultimately selected the optimal of pilose antler yinpian quality index is solution,total amino acid content of total phosphatide,total polysaccharides content,cholesterol,yinpian powder colors and surface colors.Conclusion1 Respectively with "roundness" and "density","light transmittance","color","electronic nose sensor response values",etc.,of velvet antler yinpian quality "" bian theory has carried on the quantitative characterization of the traits of,solved the antler traditional yinpian"distinguishes the shape quality of yinpian shape,texture,color,luster,gas fishiness describe the bottleneck problem of subjective and fuzzy.2 The fishy gas of velvet antler decoction pieces is composed of organic and inorganic sulfur substances,methane and other short chain alkanes,small molecule nitroxides and alcohol ether aldehyde ketones.The electronic nose method can be used to distinguish the velvet antler of plum blossom and the velvet antler of horse.3 From the point of view of chemical composition,the material basis of "shape differentiation and quality analysis" of velvet antler decoction pieces was quantitatively characterized by the contents of protein,amino acid,nucleoside,total phospholipid,total polysaccharide and cholesterol,etc.,providing theoretical basis for solving the quality control problems of velvet antler decoction pieces.4 By velvet antler slices "distinguishes the shape theory of qualitative quantitative indicators of cluster analysis and principal component analysis,select the decision antler slices "distinguishes the shape theory of mass " in the specification and the main factors of hierarchies,namely hydrolysis,total amino acid content of total phosphatide,total polysaccharides content,cholesterol content,surface and internal total chromaticity and so on,and then explained the antler yinpian quality " " bian theory essence and scientific connotation.5 From the perspective of chemical composition,velvet antler decoction pieces can be divided into "wax slices","powder slices","blood slices","white slices" and other specifications.There are two grades of "wax tablets" : the first grade is "wax tablets",and the second grade is "wax powder tablets". |
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