| Proteus is an Enterobacteriaceae bacterium.It is a conditional pathogen widely distributed in nature and in the intestines of humans and animals.It can cause infections in humans and animals.The virulent factors include flagella,pill,endotoxin,hemolysin,etc.E.coli is the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections(UTI),followed by P.mirabilis.There are 10 species and 3 unnamed genomospecies.With the use and even abuse of antibiotics,drug resistance is rising,and its resistance is closely related to the drug-resistant gene islands.With the deepening of research,increasing types of drug-resistant gene islands were detected,and the types and drug-resistant genes becoming more and more diverse.The epidemic strains with different resistance genes,but they all show an increasingly serious trend,which greatly limits the use of clinical antibiotics.In this study,54 sequencing results were analyzed by genome analysis.Among them,15 strains of Proteus were sequenced in the next generation sequencing,and 39 NCBI representative sequences.The results showed that:(1)the genome size of different species of Proteus is close,the length of coding gene in the genome accounts for 80%-86%,and the number of gene islands is 1-15.(2)A large number of binding,evading the body’s immune response,and moving related proteins were annotated.(3)The number of specific genes of P.mirabilis is the highest,followed by P.vulgaris,and P.mirabilis is different in genetic from other species.(4)The virulence factors predicted of Proteus are mainly related to adhesion,anti-phagocytosis and invasion.The virulence factors of P.mirabilis are significantly different from other species,mainly as adhesin,hemagglutinin,siderophore biosynthesis and T6SS.(5)The mechanism of drug resistance predicted is mainly caused by efflux pump,and all resistant to fosfomycin.P.mirabilis has the highest number and variety of resistance,followed by P.cibarius and Proteus genomospecies 6(G6).The main predicted resistant types are aminoglycosides,fluoroquinolones,sulfonamides and beta-lactams.14 strains were screened to carry(4.9%)resistance-related Salmonella genomic island 1/Proteus gene island 2(SGI1/PGI2)from 288 Proteus,one of which also carried SXT/R391 elements.The 14 strains were all belonged to P.mirabilis,and the isolation rate in P.mirabilis was 6.7%(14/210).Three types of 15 genomic islands were identified,which includes 13 SGI1s(5 known and 3 novel variation),one novel variation of PGI2 and one known SXT/R391.The four novel variation were designated as SGI1-PmCA11,SGI1-PmCA14,SGI1-PmCA46,and PGI2-PmCA72.Functional annotation and structural analysis showed that the most variation was SGI1-C,and only the dfrA14-arr-2-blaOXA-10-aadA15 integron gene cluster among the three novel SGI Is was detected in plasmid of P.Mirabilis.The SGI1-PmCA14 also contained mercury resistance genes.The integron gene cluster of SGI1-PmCA46 is identical to the part sequences on the plasmid in non-proteobacteria.Compared with PGI2,there were indel,substitution and inverted mutation in PGI2-PmCA72.All 14 strains were multi-drug resistant strains with different types of resistance.The drug resistance gene carried by the genomic island conferred resistance to bacteria and enhances the environmental adaptability of the bacteria.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the continuous monitoring of Proteus resistance and drug resistance genomic islands,and to provide basis for disease prevention and clinical rational drug use. |
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