Research On The Criticism Of Characters In Shiji By Scholars During The Late Years Of The Qing Dynasty

"Shiji" is the first chronicle history book in our country,its a masterpiece of various historical figures including emperors,conspirators,and generals,The commentary on the characters of Shiji started in the Han Dynasty,but it was only a few short comments and did not form the atmosphere.Until the Song Dynasty,the commentary on the characters of Shiji became common.The late Qing dynasty was a period of summary and development of historical figure commentaries in Chinese feudal society.Therefore,this article uses historical figures commentaries as historical data that from the late Qing Dynasty literary,and draws on the research results of previous generations to conduct an in-depth analysis of theses historical figures commentaries,in order to cunduct Cultural and ideological commonality reflected in the background of the times.this article is divided into four parts.The introduction part expounds the current situation of the current scholars' research on the characters historical figure commentaries before and throughout the Qing dynasty.The first part of the text gives a general overview on the historical figure commentaries of the late Qing Dynasty.In conclusion,it is concluded that the literati mainly focused on the images of the Moral emperor,Moral courtier before the Qin Dynasty,and the emperors and conspirators of the Han Dynasty,and the small figures at the bottom.Secondly,to have an in-depth analysis of critics in the late Qing Dynasty,and sort out their status and the values they held,in order to explore their general perspectives and standards for commenting on the characters in “Shiji”.The second part is the main part of the article,which analyzes the character theory of the literati in the late Qing Dynasty,and sorts out the historical norms of the literati in the late Qing Dynasty to comment on the ministers and emperors.Among them,the comments on the Courtier were represented by Guan Zhong,Zhang Liang,and Han Xin.The literati mainly used the standard that personal moral character,responsibility to the country and society,and the wisdom to protect personal.The comments on the emperors are mainly represented by Han Gaozu and Xiang Yu.The moral emperors was mainly defined by the selection and use talents or the moral.More over,The comments on the bottom figures are represented by “Mao Gong”,“Xue Gong”,“Li Tong”,and “three old Dong gong”.On the one hand,the late Qing literati believed that the small figures have an important role that cannot be ignored in the development of history;on the other hand,the small figures have the image of large figures Role,through the understanding of small figures,you can better understand the big figures.The third part makes a general analysis of the main comment methods,and concludes that the late Qing literati roughly adopted three methods to comment on the characters of "Shiji",namely the method of knowing the world,the method of comparative review,and the opinions of predecessors.Although these ideas have been used by previous generations,the literati inherited,extended,and developed them,and more fully displayed the appearance and image of historical figures.The fourth part mainly discusses the influence of literati theory in late Qing dynasty.It concludes that the theory of literati in late Qing dynasty has important reference and guidance for the scholars of the Republic of China and future generations in the study of Historical Records.The final part mainly summarizes the whole article from the structure and thought.It considers that whether it is from the selection of commentary objects,the perspective and historical standards of the commentary characters,or the method of commenting on characters,the literati's comments of the characters in "Shiji" have historically summarized the comments of the predecessors.There are inheritance,development,and innovation,which not only reflects the unique scholarly attitude of literatiin the late Qing Dynasty,but also provides a more comprehensive and objective understanding for future generations.and at the same time,it greatly enriched the dissemination and acceptance of “Shiji” in the Qing Dynasty.