| Currently,brain aging diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson are rapidly increasing especially for elderly people.Therefore,there is a great need to study natural products that can assist in improving the learning and decline in memory as a result of aging.The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder and crude pigment focusing on the learning and memory ability of aging mice,and providing a scientific basis for the development and utilization of throwing yeast resources.The research results are as follows:(1)According to the guidelines for evaluation of antioxidant function,the mice were intragastrically administered with different doses of Sporidiobolus pararoseus breaking powder for 42 days,and were then given a 50% ethanol 12 mL/(kg bw)after 16 hours of fasting.The obtained results were compared to the model group and it was observed that;the Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder reduced the content of lipid oxidation product malondialdehyde(MDA)and protein oxidation product protein carbonyl(PC)in mice,the content of antioxidant glutathione(GSH)and the activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase(SOD)were increased(P<0.05),respectively.According to the criteria in the principle,it was determined that the Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder had an antioxidant function.(2)The aging mouse was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/(kg bw)D-galactose physiological saline solution for a time period of 8 weeks,and 0.4,0.8,1.6 g/(kg bw)Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder was given to them every day as from the 5th week.The results obtained were compared to that of the blank mice and showed that;the water maze latency and MDA content of the model group increased(P<0.05),and the activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px)and SOD decreased(P<0.05).Thus,indicating that aging mice were successfully modeled.After the intervention of the Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder,the water maze latency time of aging mice was shortened from 36.17 s to 13.8 s;the MDA content of the brain was reduced from 1.83 nmol/mg prot to 0.97 nmol/mg prot;GSH-px activity increased from 45.21 U/mg prot to 53.34 U/mg prot.Additionally,the SOD activity increased from 36.56 U/mg prot to 43.17 U/mg prot;hippocampal neuron morphology improved.This indicated that the Sporidiobolus pararoseus powder can effectively reduce the oxidative stress level in the brain of D-galactose-senescent mice,reduce the oxidative damage of brain tissue,protect the morphology of neurons,and improve the learning and memory ability of D-galactose-positive mice.(3)Furthermore,the aging mouse was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/(kg bw)D-galactose physiological saline solution for 8 weeks as from the 5th week,0.24,0.48,0.96 mg/(kg bw)Sporidiobolus pararoseus crude pigment was administered to them on a daily basis.In comparison to the model group,the results indicated that;the latency of the water maze given to the crude pigment was shortened from 17.72 s to 5.48 s;the number of crossing the platform was increased from 3.94 to 8;the avoidance latency increased from 56.78 s to 100.53 s.This results showed that the Sporidiobolus pararoseus crude pigment improved the learning and memory ability of aging mice.After crude pigmentation intervention,the MDA content in the serum of aging mice decreased by 66.94%,SOD,and catalase(CAT)activity increased by 31.19% and 197.86%(P<0.05).The levels of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1(IL-1)interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were decreased by 20.26%,22.52%,and 24.22%(P<0.05).The content of 8-Hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG)in the brain decreased by 21.06%,the MDA content decreased by 49.79%,and the activities of GSH,SOD,and CAT increased by 41.64%,40.79%,and 266.67%(P<0.05),the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1、IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased by 22.24%,25.07%,and 24.02%(P<0.05).The number of neurons in the hippocampus was increased,the gaps become smaller and were arranged neatly.Hence,indicating that the Sporidiobolus pararoseus crude pigment alleviated the oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in the brain of aging mice,protected the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improved the learning and memory ability of mice.(4)Finally,the mechanism of the function of Sporidiobolus pararoseus crude pigment to improve the learning and memory ability of aging mice were also studied,the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the crude pigment reduced the content of the advanced glycation end products(AGEs)and the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts(RAGE)in the brain(P<0.05).The immunohistochemistry showed that the crude pigment inhibited the excessive activation of astrocytes and microglia.The western blot analysis showed that the crude pigment inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 protein and increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins.Therefore,the Sporidiobolus pararoseus crude pigment was capable of reducing the accumulation of peroxidation products in the mouse brain by regulating NF-κB and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways,increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes,reduced oxidative damage and inflammation,and protected the morphology of hippocampal neurons,delayed the aging of the mouse brain and improving the learning and memory ability of mice. |
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