Study On Resources Survey Of Gardenia And Herbalism Of Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis

Gardenia has rich resource storage and is widely used in the pharmaceutical,food,ornamental and dye industries.Among them,the fruit of G.jasminoides Eills named Zhizi the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine.It is also the first batch of medicinal and edible substances promulgated by the former State Ministry of Health.G.jasminoides Eills(Zhizi,栀子)has a long history of application in China and is an important member of Chinese traditional medicine treasure house.In this paper,by consulting the literature,historical data and combining experimental research,taking the genus Gardenia as the research object,we summarize the chemical composition,pharmacological activity,and the use of modern life.The information of resource distribution,appearance and phenology of different variants and varieties were comprehensively reviewed and analyzed.Based on historical records and demonstrations of modern scientific methods,this paper expounds the genetic relationship between Shui Zhizi and their genus and the basis for the naming of botany.Enhance people’s understanding of the genus Gardenia,enrich information for the original source of Gardenia,and enrich information for the study of resources and biological characteristics of Gardenia.There are 6 species and 1 variant of Gardenia in China,including Gardenia jasminoides Ellis,G.jasminoides Eills var.fortuniana(Lindl.)Hara,Gardenia stenophylla.Merr.,Gardenia sootepensis Hutchins.,Gardenia hainanensis Merr.,Gardenia angkorensis Pitard and Gardenia reflexisepala N.H.Xia&X.E.Ye.They distributed in various provinces south of China.Among them,the G.jasminoides Eills is widely distributed in China,and it spreads throughout in the central and southern parts of China.Wild resources are abundantly stored.It is reported that there are currently 15 stable genetic species within G.jasminoides Eills.The cultivars and their subordinate variants are also widely distributed in China,which greatly enriches the resources storage of the genus Gardenia and facilitates the development and utilization.The chemical components of the Gardenia include iridoids,diterpenes,flavonoids,monoterpenes,triterpenoids,et al.There are many effective active ingredients,mainly geniposide,genipin,crocinⅠ,crocinⅡ.It has the functions of protecting the digestive system,cardiovascular system,and central nervous system,as well as anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-depressant,and anti-bacterial effects.In recent years,research has focused on the mechanism of action of effective active ingredients,and a large number of research results have been reported.This has made important contributions to scrambleing people’s understanding of the Gardenia and promoting the modernization of Chinese medicine.Shui Zhizi has been a common counterfeit species on the G.jasminoides Eills market.In the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association,Shui Zhizi and G.jasminoides Eills(also known as Shan Zhizi)have traditionally been treated differently and strictly divided;in botany,the scientific name of" Shui Zhizi" is confused—whether or not they should be treated as a species.This article distinguishes the similarities and differences between them from the perspectives of historical sources,traditional applications,appearance patterns,DNA barcode sequences,and UPLC fingerprint,and provides a basis for regulating the market of medicinal herbs.At the same time,the phylogenetic relationship between the Shan Zhizi and the Shui Zhizi is discussed to clarify the botanical name of the Shui Zhizi and lay a foundation for the future research on Gardenia.The first recorded in the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing",was listed in wooden section.The name of Shan Zhizi comes from "Ben Cao Tu Jing".In Materia Medica,the word "Shui Zhizi" is recorded as an ancillary comment in the item of Zhizi.As early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties,people realized that there were more than one kind of Zhizi and they were recorded and used in medicine to make it easy to distinguish between them.There are records:"There are some fruits with small different and those which have seven edges are good." Randomly sample 35 samples of Zhizi and Shui Zhizi from different origins,and observe and describe them one by one in the order of sample shape,size,and surface color.It also focused on measuring and comparing the size and number of surface edges.The difference in apparent size between the two is obvious,and there is a stable genetic trait variation in appearance.The main differences are:the Zhizi is mostly obovate or elliptic,the Shui Zhizi is mostly oblong,the Shui Zhizi is longer than Zhizi.But there is aso have no clear distinction between them.Using the DNA barcoding technique,the ITS2 sequences of 44 sample incuding Zhizi,Shui Zhizi,G.jasminoides Eills var.fortuniana(Lindl.)Hara,G.sootepensis Hutchins,and G.Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.from different regions were compared to establish an NJ tree.Thirty-five samples from different origins were used in UPLC fingerprint to determine the overall differences in chemical composition.The similarity analysis and principal component analysis were used to reveal the differences between the two groups.The results of the study showed that the appearance of the Zhizi and Shui Zhizi is different.Samples from different origins show a stable appearance and morphological variation between the Zhizi and Shui Zhizi.The DNA barcode technology was used to compare ITS2 sequences.Most of them samples have the same sequence,with occasional Sample variations,one mutation site,and instability.It is assumed that the two ITS2 are identical and are the same species.Compared with UPLC fingerprinting,the chemical composition of the two is the same type and different contents and can not be distinguished in the principal component analysis.In summary,the Zhizi and Shui Zhizi are the same species,but the appearances of the morphological changes are stable and comes fom difference place.It should be a variant of the G.jasminoides Eills.The Shui Zhizi has a bigger fruit and a longer carpopodium than Zhizi,so this study supports the view that Shui Zhizi is named G.jasminoides Ellis f.longicarpa Z.W.Xie et Okada.