| Fertilization is one of the key factors regulating the transformation of nutrient forms such as potassium and calcium in soil and its effectiveness.In the long-term application of straw,potassium fertilizer and calcium fertilizer and other different materials to the facility of soil potassium calcium morphological transformation,plant potassium calcium absorption and utilization and its relationship with tomato quality are rarely reported.Based on the long-term fertilization location test in the facility,this paper studied the long-term combination of calcium fertilizer,straw and potassium fertilizer on the transformation and effectiveness of potassium and calcium in soil,as well as the influence of tomato quality and yield.The experiment consisted of 10 treatments:conventional fertilization?chicken manure+compound fertilizer,FM?,conventional fertilization+calcium oxide?FM+Ca?,conventional fertilization+potassium sulfate?FM+K?,conventional fertilization+straw?FM+R?,conventional fertilization+straw+calcium oxide?FM+RCa?,conventional fertilization+straw+potassium sulfate?FM+RK?,conventional fertilization+potassium sulfate+calcium oxide?FM+KCa?,conventional fertilization+straw+potassium sulfate+calcium oxide?FM+RKCa?,straw+compound fertilizer?FR?,with no fertilization CK as a control.The main findings are as follows:?1?The application of straw increased the soil available potassium and soil slow potassium in the tomato pull-out period.The content of available potassium and slow potassium in FM+R treatment increased by 32.82%and 16.16%,respectively,compared with FM treatment;FM+K treatment compared with FM+R treatment The total potassium content of the soil increased by 3.66%.Potassium application significantly increased the potassium content in all parts of the plant at different stages.Among them,the root potassium increased most in the fruit stage,and the FM+K treatment increased by 49.30%compared with the FM treatment.Potassium fertilizer and rice straw application could significantly increase the roots of tomato plants.The proportion of potassium in the whole plant was 8.51%in the roots of FM+RK treated plants and 36.42%in tomato.From 2012 to 2017,the general trend of soil available potassium and soil slow potassium increased first and then decreased.The total potassium in soil increased with the increase of planting years,and then increased,then decreased and then increased.Among them,FM+RK in 2017.The total potassium content of the treated soil was 28.9 g·kg-1,which was higher than that of other years.The combination of potassium fertilizer and straw increased the AR0Kand KLvalues,decreased the-?G value,enhanced the soil potassium supply intensity,and increased the plant's absorption of potassium.As the planting years increase,the PBCKvalue gradually increases,which may reduce the fertilizer efficiency of the potash.?2?The application of calcium fertilizer can increase the water-soluble calcium content in soil.The water-soluble calcium content in FM+Ca treatment increased by 32.55%,17.46%and 24.76%in the flowering,fruiting and pulling periods,respectively.Straw and potassium fertilizers could increase soil exchangeable calcium content.The soil exchangeable calcium content in FM+RKCa treatment during flowering,fruiting and pulling period was6.95%,14.11%and 19.90%higher than that of FM+Ca treatment.The acid-soluble calcium content in the soil was increased.Compared with FM+Ca treatment,the acid-soluble calcium content in the flowering,fruiting and pulling periods increased by 15.18%,15.17%and 12.17%.The content of water-soluble calcium,exchangeable calcium and acid-soluble calcium in soil decreased gradually with the prolongation of tomato growth period;the combination of straw and calcium fertilizer could increase the content of organic bound calcium in soil at different stages,FM+RCa treatment compared with FM treatment The soil organic calcium content in the flowering,fruiting and pulling stages increased by 37.06%,59.79%and 0.79%,respectively;there was no significant difference in the residual calcium content of the treated soil;the application of calcium fertilizer increased the total calcium in the soil.The content of FM+Ca increased by 65.22%compared with the total calcium in the FM treated soil.The contents of calcium in the stem and leaf of tomato plants in the flowering,fruiting and pulling stages of FM+RKCa treatment were higher than those of FM+Ca treatment.The contents of calcium in roots,stems and leaves of plants treated with FM+Ca during flowering,fruiting and pulling were higher than those of FM.The application of calcium fertilizer could significantly increase the calcium content of different parts of plants at different stages.The FM+Ca treatment of fruit calcium content increased by 37.07%compared with FM treatment,and the application of straw increased the distribution ratio of stem and leaf calcium in tomato plants.?3?The combination of straw,potassium and calcium fertilizers significantly reduced the nitrate content in tomato fruit and increased the ratio of sugar to acid,Vc and soluble solids.The application of potassium fertilizer increased the yield of tomato significantly.The FM+KCa treatment increased by 22.46%compared with FM+Ca treatment,and the FM+K treatment increased by 17.64%compared with FM treatment.There were positive correlations between Vc,soluble solids content and sugar to acid ratio of potassium,calcium and tomato fruits in tomato plants and soil,and negative correlation with tomato nitrate?P<0.01?.In summary,long-term addition of straw,potash and calcium fertilizer can affect the availability of potassium and calcium in soil to varying degrees.Long-term application of potassium fertilizer and straw can increase soil AR0Kand KLvalues,and decrease-?G value and PBCKvalue.Increasing the application of potassium fertilizer can significantly increase the yield of tomato,and the addition of straw,potassium and calcium can improve the quality of tomato fruit.In the production practice,it is possible to improve the sustainable development of facility agriculture by adding straw,potash and calcium fertilizer to improve the soil in the facility and improve the yield and tomato quality in greenhouse. |
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