| The genus Bactrocera is the largest family in Tephritidae and it contains more than fifty species that are listed as economically important quarantine pests.Although the wing morphological characteristic is an important feature for identifying,it is challenging to distinguish due to their similar morphology and qualitative description.So it is very necessary to accurate quantify the wing shape based on geometric morphometrics which is a reliable method to ascertain any of the subtle difference between the biological shapes.Geometric morphometrics was used to evaluate wing size and shape variation among 3 subgenus,14 species,289 specimens of the genus Bactrocera.And in order to testing sexual dimorphism of wing shape between males and females,10 species,397 specimens with enough sample size were chosen for comparing wing shape.Eighteen landmarks were measured on the right wings of all specimens and used to generate geometric morphometric size and shape data.The wing size and shape information were analyzed based on Centroid size,Procrustes superimposition,Principal component analysis(PCA),Multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA)and Relative warp analysis(RWA).Through the analysis and comparision,we found the main vatiation and tendency among the 14 species wing shape,and then discussing the variation of them.The main results are as follows.A one-way ANOVA of centroid size indicated that there were significant differences(F=63.94,df=288,P<0.001)in wing size among the fourteen species.And the order of wing size from big to small is B.(Zeugadacus)scutellata(Hendel),B.(Tetradacus)minax(Enderlein),B.(T.)tsuneonis(Miyake),B.(B.)papayae Drew and Hancock,B.(B.)tryoni(Froggatt),B.(Z.)tau(Walker),B.(B.)Philippine sis Drew and Hancock,B.(B.)carambolae Drew and Hancock,B.(B.)dorsalis(Hendel),B.(Z.)cucurbitae(Coquillellett),B.(B.)zonate(Saunders),B.(B.)albistrigata(de Meijere),B.(B.)latifrons(Hendel),B.(B.)correcta(Bezzi).Hotelling’s pairwise comparision showed that there were highly significant differences among a majority pairs of wing size,except for some pairs.PCA and RWA showed that wing differences among the fourteen species were mainly in the intersection of 2nd and 3rd radial vein(R2+3)with margin,the intersection of medial vein(M)and radial-medial cross-vein(r-m),the region of 3rd radial cell(r2+3)and distal 5th radial cell(r4+5),the region of basal 4th medial cell(bm),and the extension to cell cup.MANOVA showed that there were significant differences in wing shape among the fourteen species(Wilk’s λ= 5.38E-05,F=39.72,P<0.00001),Hotelling’s pairwise comparision showed that there were highly significant differences(P<0.05)among almost all pairs of wing shape,except for one pair which is the wing shape of B.(Tetradacus)minax(Enderlein)and B.(T.)tsuneonis(Miyake).DFA cross-validation test showed that the average accuracy percentage of total assignments(12 species,272 specimens,except for B.(T.)minax and B.(T.)tsuneonis)was 83.97%.All specimens of the species of B.(Z.)cucurbitae,B.(B.)correcta,B.(B.)albistrigata and B.(B.)tryoni were correctly classified,and the accuracy rate of every species was above 50%,and the accuracy rate of all eight species specimens which except for B.dorsalis complex including Bactrocera(B.)dorsalis,B.(B.)papayae,B.(B.)Philippine sis and B.(B.)carambolae were above 85%.The results of sexual dimorphism of wing in 10 species of Bactrocera showed that there were significant differences in wing shape and size,it means that sexual dimorphism of wing in Bactrocera is a widespread phenomenon.Among the ten species of male and female,MANOVA showed that there were significant differences(P<0.05)in wing shape excepted for B.(B.)albistrigata(de Meijere)and B.(T.)minax(Enderlein).A one-way ANOVA of centroid size indicated that there were significant differences(P<0.05)between the male and female among the species of B.(B.)latifrons(Hendel),B.(B.)carambolae Drew and Hancock,B.(Z.)tau(Walker)and B.(Z.)cucurbitae(Coquillellett),and the wing of females were larger than males. |
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