| Objective:To investigate the effect of ethanol combined with perfluorocarbon emulsion(PFCE)on acute venous air embolism in rabbits.Methods:Fifty New Zealand white rabbits(1.0-1.5kg)were randomly divided into five groups :sham operation group(group SO),venous air embolism group(group AE),ethanol group(group EPA),perfluorocarbon emulsion group(group PF)and ethanol combined with perfluorocarbon emulsion group(group EP).group SO: 5 minutes later after established CVP monitoring and ART monitoring for the rabbits,we injected 4.5ml/kg normal saline(NS)into rabbits’ internal jugular vein.group AE:After established CVP monitoring and ART monitoring for the rabbits,we injected0.7ml/kg air into internal jugular vein to establish the acute venous air embolism model,5 minutes later,4.5ml/kg NS was injected into rabbits’ internal jugular vein.group EA:5 minutes later after established the acute venous air embolism model,we injected 3ml/kg 25% ethanol and 1.5ml/kg NS into rabbits’ internal jugular vein.group PF:5 minutes later after established the acute venous air embolism model,we injected 1.5ml/kg PFCE and 3ml/kg NS into rabbits’ internal jugular vein.group PF:5 minutes later after established the acute venous air embolism model,we injected1.5ml/kg PFCE and 3ml/kg 25% ethanol into rabbits’ internal jugular vein.Record CVP,MAP,RR,PR,Pa O2 and Pa CO2 at the time point of pre-molding(T0),5minutes after the model established(T1)and 60 minutes after the model established(T2).Then the animals were sacrificed and observed the situation of bubbles in their right atrium and pulmonary artery trunk.Collected BALF by bronchoalveolar lavage,determinated the contents of LDH,TNF-α and Protein concentration of the BALF and measured the contents of MDA,NO and W/D of lung tissue.Then,the pathological changes of lung tissue were observed under light microscope and pathological score was performed.Results:Weight: there was no statistically significant differences in weight among the 5groups(P >0.05).CVP,MAP,RR,PR:CVP:The CVP in the group SO remained basically stable throughout the experiment.,There were no statistically significant differences in CVP among the 5groups(P >0.05)at T0.However,the CVP of group AE,group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly higher than group SO(P<0.05)at T1.At T2,we observed the CVP of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05)and the CVP of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).MAP : The MAP in the group SO remained basically stable throughout the experiment.At T0,MAP has no statistically significant differences among the 5groups(P >0.05).And the MAP of group AE,group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group SO(P<0.05)at T1.We also observed the MAP of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly higher than group AE(P<0.05),and the MAP of group EA and group PF were significantly lower than group EP(P<0.05)at T2.RR: The RR in the group SO remained basically stable throughout the experiment.At T0,RR has no statistically significant differences among the 5groups(P >0.05).However,the RR of group AE,group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly higher than group SO(P<0.05)at T1.And RR has no statistically significant differences among the 5 groups(P >0.05)at T2.PR: At T0,T2,PR has no statistically significant differences among the 5groups(P >0.05).At T1,although the PR of group AE,group EA,group PF and group EP were higher than group SO,but it is no statistically significant differences(P >0.05).PaO2 and PaCO2:PaO2 : At T0,PaO2 has no statistically significant differences among the 5groups(P >0.05).And the Pa O2 of group AE,group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group SO(P<0.05)at T1.We also observed the Pa O2 of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly higher than group AE(P<0.05),and the Pa O2 of group EA and group PF were significantly lower than group EP(P<0.05)at T2.PaCO2:there were no statistically significant differences in PaCO2 among the 5groups before and after the establishment of model(P >0.05).The situation of bubbles in the right atrium and the pulmonary trunk: there were no bubbles in the right atrium and the pulmonary trunk in group SO.The right atrium and the pulmonary trunk of group AE were full of bubbles.The bubbles’ bulk in thegroup EA and group PF were all smaller than the group AE.Lung pathology:Lung tissue specimen observation:The lung appearances in group SO were roughly normal.Uneven colors,visible diffuse bleeding spots and large infarction were observed on lung surface in group AE.However,scattered bleeding spots and smaller infarction were observed on lung surface in group EA and group PF,and only scattered bleeding spots could observed in group EP.Lung tissue microscope observation: The lung structure of group SO were normal;The alveolar lesion in group AE is severest,with visible disorganized lung tissue structure disorder,thickened alveolar walls,serious alveolar collapse,a large number of red blood cells in part of the alveolar cavity and a considerable amount of inflammatory cells infiltration in pulmonary interstitial.However,the alveolar lesions in group EA,group PF and group EP ameliorate significantly,group EP was the most obvious.Pathological score of lung tissue: compared with group SO,the lpathological score of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the pathological score of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the pathological score of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).Wet/dry weight ratio(W/D):compared with group SO,the W/D of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the W/D of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the W/D of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).Variations of MDA and NO in the lung tissue:compared with group SO,the MDA and NO of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the MDA and NO of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the MDA and NO of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).The levels of TNF-α,LDH and protein in the BALF:TNF-α:compared with group SO,the TNF-α of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the TNF-αof group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the TNF-α of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).LDH:compared with group SO,the TNF-α of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the TNF-αof group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the TNF-α of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).Protein levels:compared with group SO,the protein levels of group AE was obviously higher(P<0.05);the protein levels of group EA,group PF and group EP were significantly lower than group AE(P<0.05),and the protein levels of group EA and group PF were significantly higher than group EP(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ethanol and perfluorocarbon emulsion(PFCE)have therapeutic effects in the acute venous air embolism in rabbits and their combined utilization effect is better than their individual utilization. |
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