| Generalizing and analyzing the operation and mechanism, characteristic and advantages of American agricultural extension through visiting American Texas A&M University and related institutions to consult and collect relevant data and information. Conducting specific cases analysis by combining "Grapes Pierce’s Disease control and management" in Texas, America and "The application and extension of Standardized cultivation and process of Yongding Red Persimmon Certified Seed " in Fujian, China. For the current conditions and problems of Chinese agricultural extension, referred to the ripe experience of American agricultural extension and combined it with the practical problems of Chinese agricultural extension, to find out a way to perfect the strategy of Chinese agricultural extension.1. American extension is cooperative extension service, the structure of it contains four levers those are National Institute of Food and Agriculture in United States Department of Agriculture (NIFA in USD A), extension center in State land-grant colleges and universities, District Research and extensions center and County extension offices. The state land-grant universities own the left three parts of the whole structure of the system except NIFA in USDA. In addition, the United States established a nationwide extension website (http://www.extension.org/), conducting the network promotion (extension).Characteristics:①extension funding come from the federal, state, and local (county) levels of government;②Research, education and extension integrated into one university, the contacts and cooperations are close;③The establishment of the United States cooperative extension service was based on the Morrill Act, Hatch Act of1887and Smith-Lever Act.④The developed network promotion(eXtension) plays a significant role.2. Current Chinese agricultural extension system:There are five levels of agricultural extension in China, national, provincial, municipal, county and township levels. The majority of agricultural extension is associated with the ministry of Agriculture system and modern agricultural industrial technology system. In addition, there are agricultural extension components within the State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Agriculture Leadership Working Group and the National Development and Reform Commission.3. Current Chinese fruit industry development status and problems Current Chinese fruit industry development status:①Rich resources, large cultivation scale, large market amount, high social and economic benefits, keep the advantage of quantity in the international market;②Big deals of fruits forming superior regions, special fruit product area standing out, reinforcing the awareness of brand product, optimizing industrial structure. Current Chinese fruit industry development problems:①Lack of macro plan, blind development leaded to fluctuation and waste, focus on cultivation scale, neglecting the quality and unit yield;②The main cultivars depend on introduction, lacking superior cultivars and stock of proprietary intellectual property rights, low creativity of breeding;③Low degrees of systematism and standardization, small scale, service system lagging, restricting the enhancement of industrializaiton level;④Waste by multiple management, bad for industry development by eager for quick success and instant benefits.4. Current Chinese fruit industry Sci-tech extension status and problems Current Chinese fruit industry Sci-tech extension status:①The national agricultural extension system development situation in2007;②Multiple extension sector, extension efficiency is not high;③The rate of extension and application of agricultural sci-tech achievements is not high;④Low rate of contribution for economic development. Current Chinese fruit industry Sci-tech extension problems:①There are various complicated relevant departments and they have poor adaptabilities for market;②Lacking of connections between the providers and receivers, the work coordination is bad;③The connection of extension, education and research is loose, the transform institution of agricultural scientific achievements is unsound, low transform rate;④Dual management mechanism, a lot of administrative affairs;⑤low comprehensive quality and bad stability of the agricultural extension agent. 5. The comparison on fruit industry extension programs between China and America. America:Taking "Grapes Pierce’s Disease control and management" in Texas, the USA as an example for analysis. China:Taking "The application and extension of Standardized cultivation and process of Yongding Red Persimmon Certified Seed " in Fujian, China as an example for analysis.6. Lessons and suggestions: The lessons of the United States agricultural extension system:(1)Making the connections between extension, education and research tightly;(2)Making the relevant law and regulation perfect, and ensure them been applied;(3)Various resources of funding, cooperatively conduct extension work;(4)Value the construction of the contingent of agricultural sci-tech extension;(5)Strengthening the application of website extension;(6)Making full use of volunteer;(7)Pay attention to the development of4-H Youth;(8)Prolong the period of extension. The suggestions for Chinese agricultural extension system:(1)Integrating the functions of agricultural extension in different ministries, optimize the allocation of resources;(2)Setting the position of extension specialist in the universities;(3)Prolong the period of extension;(4)Ensure enough funding by legislation, in the mean time, encouraging non-governmental organization to invest in extension program;(5)Strengthening the construction of the contingent of extension;(6)Unifying the national extension website;(7)Extension by the way of programs demonstration, highlight the functions of enterprises;(8)Coordinating agricultural extension sectors, agricultural colleges and agricultural research institute;⑨Leading the volunteers to join in the extension activities;(9)Guiding the volunteer to participate in the extension;(10)Cultivating the practical ability of the youth;(11)Making the management and assessment system perfect... |
PDF Full Text Request