| BackgroundOrgan transplantation is currently the most effective methods for the treatment of end-stage disease in the world, it made a great contribution to hand it in to save the lives of patients, prolong life, improve the quality of life and the value of life etc. Therefore, the technology of organ transplant even has been hailed as medicine on the top in the 20th century. According to relevant data show that has 68 hospitals in renal transplantation in our counry 1998. only a year, we had finished a total of 3596 cases of kidney transplantation. By 2000 year, there were 108 hospitals in renal transplantation, the cases amounted to 4830. By the end of June,2007,there were 164 approved by the state health ministry to carry out the organ transplants, and they had completed more than 3000 cases of liver transplantation each year. At present, the cases of global number of completed organ transplantation is more than ten thousand and the most rare ovarian transplantation has successfully completed 9 cases, Since Sun yat-sen university carried out in the first place since 1980.The technology of organ transplantation was out of our reach, but now it has been widely used. This is the inevitable result of the development of science and technology. However, from the perspective of ethics, this technology bring great well-being for many patients with end-stage, it also caused collisions between technology and ethic. The receptor, donor and medical workers are in the different ethical dilemmas at the same time.At present, restricting the development of organ transplant technology is no longer a blank of technology, the shortage of organ is the "bottleneck" in the development of the technology, and the resulting ethical problems and controversy, also directly affected the wide application of the technology and development. Although academia has done a lot of research, and they points out that the transplants in the clinical application of ethical issues and social problems, and they gives the corresponding solutions and countermeasures at the same time. Such as Wu Tao pointed out Living organ donation by ethical questioned, informed consent and voluntary contributions should be fully implemented ethical issues, and the commercialization of organ donation issues in his papper 《Ethical Consideration of the allogeneic organ transplants》;haiyan Wang consider to set up the new combination, death such as concept, strengthening the right public opinion direction and solutions to establish and perfect relevant laws and regulations in her 《An Ethical Review of Living Organ Transplantation》. However, as the widely application of organ transplantation, especially the application of new technology, new ethical problems will emerge in endlessly. Ovary transplantation is the new field of organ transplantation. Ovary is female’s unique reproductive organs, it is the important to produce sex cells and endocrine, has close relation with women maintain normal physiological function, and it plays an important role in maintaining women’s normal physiological function. Ovaries congenital developmental deficiencies or missing, premature aging, pathological ovarian resection, loss of ovarian function after malignant tumor radiotherapy cause female endocrine disorders, such as infertility, even brought serious physical and mental damage to many patients. With the maturing of organ transplant technology, ovary transplantation technology has made a progress for the treatment of such diseases effectively, but living, dead fetus or dispute the use of donor and receptor by children of belonging and a series of ethical issues will highlight at the same time.Therefore, this article embarks from the realistic social background, and summarizes the ethical of allogeneic organ transplantation and organ transplantation, we come up with ethical issues which allograft transplantation will face and show that personal views and attitudes, put forward corresponding Suggestions and countermeasures.ObjectivesAs a kind of scientific and rational treatment technology, organ transplant is difficult to bring human ethic confusion in the clinical application, ovaries as woman’s reproductive organs, they are sensitive and easier to controversy particularly in the technical application. If the ethical problems which caused by the organs (ovarian) transplantation can’t be understanded fully by the public, it will hinder the migration to work smoothly and continuously improve the medical ethics system.The purpose of this study is attemptting to discusse the organs (ovarian) transplantation from the perspective of science to solve the humbug. Make Substantial efforts from the perspective of ethics and use the scientific knowledge to strengthen doctor-patient communication, carry forward the traditional concept of the right to increase the confidence of the people’s willingness to donate or treatment are important. Through the analysis of ethics to extensive publicity and expand the social basis of organ donation and gain social recognition and support. In addition, in order to ensure the healthy and orderly work of variant ovarian transplantation in our country, we must establish the basic ethical principle of allogeneic organ transplantation, improve the citizen’s ethics thought and increase the system of the construction of the ethics committee as soon as possible. We need strengthen the study of organ transplant medical ethics project, improve the mechanism of organ transplant staff of professional ethics and set up reasonable compensation mechanism for the donor.SignificancesThe purpose of the receptor is to treat diseases and health to patients who need organ transplantation, which is with healthy organs to replace damaged organs with loss of function to save the means of healing. How to evaluate organ transplant technology roundly, make a rational view and solve a series of ethical problems from human general moral reason and how to search for ethical basis, prove that the "feasibility" of organ transplant is the study of organ transplantation major issue. Someone has proposed "Science without the box" and advocated the development of science and technology should not be bound by ethics. However practice proves that the technology associated with morality, such as life and the development of science and technology of human cloning, and the results of this technology has caused panic. It hopes that through the ethics of life science and technology setting up an ethical area (cloning).Therefore, science and technology is restricted zones and the constraints. Science technology and ethics is a community of contradictions. The rapid development of technology brings great Gospel to human’s survival and development and it causes the conflict between science and technology and ethics at the same time. In all, the effect of ethics with development of science and technology has not be allowed to ignore. Both Science technology and ethics influence and restrain each other, then they promote the development of human society. The ethical constraints and guides the development of science and technology healthily, and it also adjusts negative impact. The development of science and technology is continuously break through ethical and moral constraint, opening up new areas, and promoting the development of ethics.Organ transplantation as a new application of technology, from the beginning of the vacant disorderly to today’s standard execution, is a result which the breakthrough technology and ethical standards promote each other. However,some people think that the biggest problem organ transplantation faced with is not technology, but the ethical problem. Therefore, this research attempts to from one aspect of the organ transplantation, and studies the clinical application of ovary transplantation technology, and discusses a series of ethical problems which were brought by the development of the technology. To analyze from donor, receptor and medical workers facing ethical issues, and standing on how to solve the problem of organ transplant ethics Angle. We put forward the countermeasures to solve the problem, and promote the smooth development of the organ transplantation in China, then we can create a good public opinion environment, ethical environment, and promote the constant development of new transplant technology such as ovarian and application is of great significance.Methods1. Literature quotation:The ovarian transplantation of clinical medical operation mechanism, technical principle, animal experiments and clinical application of records, follow-up records and related data, the principle of medical ethics theory and basis and related laws and regulations need to refer to a large number of relevant materials.2. Questionnaire investigation:Through questionnaire survey of the public’s cognition of organ donation, we could understand the public’s views and attitudes on organ transplantation, organ donation and compensation mechanism, then provide strong evidence for ethical analysis.3. Abstract method combined with description methods:The study of the theory can’t do without science abstract analysis and inductive analysis, so we must combine the reality and historical factors with traditional culture and social status to summarize specific description.4. Positive and negative comparative research:Through suming up the opinions of the pros and cons of the ethical questions and making a personal judgment on the basis of this, we put forward some relevant counter-measures.5. The unity of logic and history method:we make a comprehensive analysis by combining the historical description and reasoning of ethical conflicts exist in the ovary transplantation allograft for.Results and ConclusionsSince the United States have successfully made the first case of kidney transplant in 1954, organ transplant has been extensively developed in the whole world. Our country has carried out the kidney, lung and liver transplants more than 100000 cases. The technology of Kidney transplant has reached the international advanced level in our country, and the embryo transplant is in the international leading position. Ovary transplantation is a new technology in that climate developing. This article expounds the meaning of organ transplantation and its ethics after introducing the organ transplantation research background briefly, we sum up the connotation of allogeneic and the way of ovary transplantation, then put forward the theory and reality basis of the development of ovarian transplantation, we consider that the problem of allogeneic ovarian transplantation currently faced with are:First, when the Ovary donor is from living donors, they are facing the shortage of living organ source. The most of the success rate of ovarian transplantation are between identical twins sisters, the blood sisters followed, then mother and daughter, the last are the match organ donation volunteers. At present, most people don’t want to make a donation. on the one hand, it is affected by the feudal ethical code. They inherit the "my body, including hair and skin, which given by parents, shouldn’t be damaged. This is the basic of filial piety." ovarian belongs to the reproductive organs of special, many people may wonder after donation "the children born to their own" after transplantation. On the other hand, the donation ovaries need face with pressure from their parents, brothers and sisters, friends and family, social public opinion and so on various aspects of pressure, so the donation is mostly fruitless. The living ovary transplantation technology is feasible, but also with high risk. The living organ transplantation donor will face with surgical trauma, surgical complications and even death, organ reserve function loss, economic loss during the operation, and the above problems of psychological pressure and social pressure, etc. Therefore,, we should follow the following principles:(1) the people close to the voluntary principle; (2) the life value principle; (3) the benefits and risks coexist, when the people who is considered for living organ transplantation.Second. As the fetal ovarian tissue for transplantation, it is Easily induced abortion, fetal organ commercialization, and fetal organ trafficking and a series of social and ethical issues. For example, some parents may be for the economic reasons for pregnancy, abortion, then betrayed the fetus or fetal organs. The illegal criminals steal the fetus, and the pregnant women will be targets of crime. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate fetal organ transplant legislation.Third. Citizens make the donation decision before or after the death, their family members are the key to promote the body organ transplantation. With the constraints of traditional culture concept in China, the law is not sound and organ donation system is not perfect. Therefore, few people made it clear willing to donate organs after death, people who agreed with real cases ovarian donation is rarely heard. In addition, on the body organ harvesting, our country carry out heart death and brain death two different sets of diagnostic criteria at present, which is not conducive to collect body organs in time. It greatly reduces the survival rate of organ transplantation. Therefore, it is the key to improve the utilization rate of the body organs by promoting the public the transformation of ideas, scientifically determine the time of death, perfecting the organ donation system and related laws and regulations.Fourth. Ovary transplant and other organ transplants all need through the ABO blood group match, HLA match, cross matching and tests of lymphatic poison to immune organ donor,and receptor compatibility test, age, and patients medical cooperation, social value and social factors such as economic ability to pay should be taken into account to transplant. In addition, the transplant recipients are not only faced with the huge pain and sufferings, but also the huge psychological pressure. On the one hand, patients may be painful of unable to have their own children, somebody even self-blame, and urgent want to finish his mother wishes through transplant. Somebody may worry about her husband not understand, and afraid of parents, brothers and sisters, friends and family, social public opinion, and finally they give up surgery. On the other hand, if the operation is successful, they may wonder that is or not their own children in the future. Finally these problems can seriously affect the operation smoothly.Ovary transplant and other organ transplants, all need through the ABO blood group match, HLA match, cross matching and tests of lymphatic poison to immune organ donor and receptor compatibility test, age, and patients medical cooperation, social value and social factors such as economic ability to pay should also be taken into account. In addition, the transplant recipients are not only faced with the huge pain and sufferings, its psychological also bear the huge pressure. On the one hand, patients may be painful because of unable to have children of your own, even self-blame, urgent want to finish his mother wishes through surgery, is worried about her husband not to understand, afraid of parents, brothers and sisters, friends and family, social public opinion, and finally give up surgery; On the other hand, if the operation is a success, the future will be able to bear children, so may wonder is this is their own, these problems can seriously affect the operation smoothly. Therefore, the patient’s psychological persuation and confusion, to break the emotional disorders and so on will help the operation smoothly.Fifth. There is no fertility requirements of ovarian transplant patients who do not generally involves blood relationship and generational change. so it will not cause serious dispute on ethics. But for the purpose of fertility variants of people, it may produce serious ethical and moral issues. Therefore, the problem of receptor bears the children should be taken into account.Sixth. The application of ovary transplantation just enter clinical research phase in our country. This transplantation is an innovative technology that is not only with the doctor’s intelligence, knowledge, clinical skills and experience, but also with the patient, the doctor social and cultural environment are inseparable. Successful implementation of an ovarian transplant are sure to improve the level of the doctor’s technology, and enlarge the popularity and influence of doctors and hospitals, and put forward to the medical staff strict moral requirements. There is not strict access system and examination standards especially in the application of new technology, and it is more in need of medical personnel comply with professional ethics. Take patient as the center, in order to "do no harm" principle for the bottom line, thoughtful, avoid the quick buck.Facing with all the sorts of difficulties, the author put forward with the combination of this study proposed the flexible to strengthen publicity and education, break thinking emotional disorders; Establishing and perfecting the legal system of organ transplant, fill the blank of the related areas of law; Establish new death judgement standard, improve the quality of donor organs on the basis of summarizing the research achievements of predecessors, the practical problems. We consider to set up reasonable compensation mechanism, improve the enthusiasm of the public to donate; and improve the professional ethics quality of the medical practitioners, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of patients, accelerate the construction of perfect ethics committee, strengthen the ethics research Suggestions such as organ transplantation, aims to provide theoretical basis for the development of organ transplantation, for the application of ovary transplantation technology to create a good social public opinion environment, constantly achieve new breakthroughs.Innovations and deficienciesFirst, organ transplantation has a long history, and ethical issues for organ transplant has been a lot of abroad research and discussion, but research on ethical aspects of organ transplantation in our country is still relatively small and delicate enough. Ovary transplantation technology is a new field of organ transplantation, because of the technology is not widely used in clinical, and lack of people’s attention, we summarized the research progress of ovarian transplantation technology in this study and abroad described on the basis of the results of ovarian transplantation could lead to ethical issues.Second, although most of the domestic study of organ transplantation are from the angle of legislation, donated by incentive mechanism, technical research, but involves the elaboration of ovarian transplantation technology and ethics study is relatively rare. Allogeneic organ transplantation at home and abroad are based on the ethical problems to find the variant ovarian transplant the most prominent ethical issues, to analyze the causes of the problem and attitude of the individual, and to seek solutions, provide ethical basis for the further development of ovarian transplantation technology, strive to strike a balance in technology and ethical conflict.However, the current domestic and foreign are more about the document of the ethical research of organ transplantation, and for allografts and ovarian allografts literature is less. Therefore, the related theory still to be further proof. At the same time, because of the lacking of follow-up clinical cases, this article lacks of strong evidences that whether the ethical issues of comprehensive, or proposed the solution reasonable, etc needs to be further discussed. |
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