Reindeer Livelihoods Change Research

The research subject is historical transition of patterns of subsistence of Reindeer-Ewenki. Collected data with field observation, literature and interview. In culture change perspective, research subsistence patterns transition of Reindeer-Ewenki in modernization and different character in different phase. Try to understand their adaptation for social and ecological environment.There are three parts. First part includes background, meaning, reasons, literature and research method. The second part is the main body of the research, introducing. The second part is the main part of the article, describing the traditional livelihood of fishing and hunting and its characteristics of the times. After establishment of new China, the traditional livelihood of fishing and hunting began to transition, beginning of the founding of the "mainly for hunting, guarding, keeping both, and hunting", to a transformation in the1980s century as "dominated by raising reindeer, security guard, and both hunt, promoting diversified activities", in the1990s, Transformation of the traditional fishing and hunting industry cannot be separated from the settlement of the national State of implementation on the one hand, and is closely related to the deterioration of the ecological environment of national survival. After the whole relocation in2003, township government focus on the development of tourism, actively promote the hunters engage in family tourism.Conclusion:Importance to reindeer economy raised deer industry status in the Ewenki livelihood structure, while food reserves and transportation of reindeer gradually disappeared. Ewenki people continue the traditional backyard feeding and management of reindeer, deer industry labor shortage; however, continuation of the deer industry lost its roots.The third part is the discussion two issues:first, the hunter gatherer peoples in the traditional means of livelihood with difficulty occurs in the transformation of life and traditional culture to inheritance faced "protecting people, animals or protecting cultural" puzzle, how to transform the traditional subsistence pattern to adapt to changes in the social environment and ecological environment, exploring a sustainable development model; Another problem is the traditional means of livelihood in the process of transition, Government forces highlighted and unlimited zoom, as the subject of the development of ethnic minorities gradually "aphasia", lost the initiative. So when in its treatment of ethnic minorities, a necessary reflection of Government, especially the local government acts.