Based On Microsatellite Markers And Morphological Data Qinling Region In Japan Camponotus Population Differentiation And Biogeography Research

Camponotus japonicus Mayr belongs to HYMENOPTERA, APOCRITA, ACULEATA, Formicoidea, Formicidae, Formicinae and Camponotus Mayr. It is a typically social insect widely distributed in Asia (Japan, Former Soviet Union, North Korea, Southeast Asia, and whole China). Tsinling Mountains is the boundary of the north and the south on the geographical location, which traverse the China central. It is not only watershed of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River water system, but also intersectant onverge and transitional area between the North China and the South China region, its fauna have transition between North and South, conecting east and west, infiltrating one another and interleaving superposition effection.Microsatellite DNA, Simple sequence repeats, spreads all over the genome of eukaryotic genomes. Because of its high polymorphism and sensitivity, microsatellite DNA has already been an important method of molecular genetics study. It is the best variation in species solution in current, the strongest power of post of karyon DNA marker, especially for few genome DNA insects. When using polymorphic allele locus, sensitiveness and hypervariability of microsatellites to analyze the insect genetics, even can show its superiority.Based on the microsatellite and morphological data, we studied the the relationship among 20 different Camponotus japonicus Mayr geographical populations in order to show the population divergence and the geography evolution relation in the area of Tsinling Mountains.We selected 4 high polymorphism pairs from the 9 pairs of primers and amplified 20 geographical populations genome of Camponotus japonicus Mayr in Tsinling Mountains, and got the amplified segments of 216bp to 361bp. We constructed dendrogram of 20 populations and used multi-factor analysis of variance based on morphological data by SPSS13.0. Ewens-Watterson Test for Neutrality and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were analyzed by microsatellite DNA amplification bands. Allele number, Effective number of alleles, Allele frequency, Heterozygosity, Polymorphism information content and Genetic distance were calculated by POPGEN32 soft. According to genetic distance among 20 populations, we constructed dendrogram of 20 populations by Neighbor joining method (NJ) and Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) with the aim of discussing the formation and the evolution of geographical population .The study results could be summarized as follows:(1) The overall Ewens-Watterson Test for Neutrality of four microsatellite loci in 20 populations was within 95% confidence interval, so the 4 microsatellite loci belongs to neutrality loci. It was showed that the 4 microsatellite loci in 20 populations had little natural selection pressure and the populations had no obvious divergence. (2) The average heterozygosity in 20 populations of Camponotus japonicus Mayr, which ranged from 0.1875 to 0.5000, was median heterozygosity populations. Observed heterozygosity was identical to expected heterozygosity. So it was showed that the gene have exchanges frequently in the 20 populations and reduction of heterozygosity caused by inbreeding did not appear. But according to Chi-square and likelihood test for HWE, 5 populations were in HW equilibrium (p>0.05), while other 15 populations is departure from equilibrium. It may be related with minor population scale, inbreeding, outcrossing and invalid allele. (3) Polymorphism information content of 13 populations ranged from 0.25 to 0.50, which belongs to median heterozygosity populations. The polymorphism information content of other 7 populations were below 0.25, which belongs to low heterozygosity populations. It was showed that the 20 populations had lower variation. (4) The genetic distance of population NO.4 in Pingdingshan and population NO. 9 in Yulin are high with other populations, and they had exceeded to subspecies level. The genetic distance among other populations was low. And it was showed that population NO. 4 in Pingdingshan and population NO. 9 in Yulin had high genetic differentiation, while other populations had low genetic differentiation. And the genetic identity is just reverse.Multi-factor analysis of variance of 20 populations of Camponotus japonicus Mayr by morphological data, there weren't significant difference between each other on morphologic. It was showed that the 20 populations had no obvious divergence by morphological data.Cluster analysis showed whether the cluster is based on the morphology or based on genetic distance, 20 populations were clustered mainly on geographical proximity and environmental similar together. For example, the populations of Huxian, Foping, Zhouzhi and Meixian were clustered into one branch, the populations of Sanmenxia, Luoyang Yulin Pingdingshan and Nanyang were clustered into one branch by the cluster of morphology; because we know these places are neighboring each other. The cluster of genetic distance was also similar. For example, the populations of west and east of Tsinling were clustered together respectively firstly, and then these clustered populations were clustered together again. Furthermore, the populations of Ningqiang, Foping, Lueyang and Zhouzhi were clustered into one branch (collected in mountains), the populations of Pingdingshan, Shangluoshi, Yulin and Shangnan were clustered into one branch (collected in suburbs); they may be related with environment. The dendrograms based on NJ and UPGMA had few distinctions. However there are still significant differences between the clusters based on morphologic and genetic distance, which showed the changes of morphological characteristics and genetic differentiation are inconsistent; It might be related with geographical locations of 20 populations, environment, experienced different geological events, the number of sampling, and that the morphological characteristics had not yet become a stable genetic characteristics and many other factors.Camponotus japonicus Mayr distribute widely in China, particularly in the north of China, so the north of China may be the original center ofCamponotus japonicus Mayr. Based on the analysis of the cluster of morphology, Yulin population is the lest similar to other populations; the genetic distance of population4 (Pingdingshan) and population9 (Yulin) were the highest with other populations, which showed that their relationship is far with other populations. The northest population was in Yulin city in the experiments, so the population in Yulin may be a greatly specialized population in the 20 populations. From the discussion above, we can draw a conclusion that from the cluster results of this experiment, populations of Camponotus japonicus Mayr were clustered each other both in south and north of Tsinling and east and west of Tsinling. It was showed that there was not obvious obstacle for gene flow among populations ofCamponotus japonicus Mayr in Tsinling Moutains, or the populations of Camponotus japonicus Mayr in Tsinling Mountains had no obvious divergence.