| Vehicular emissions have been one of the most important sources of pollution in China inrecent years. Once the vehicular emissions of nitrogen and sulfur compounds are emitted intothe atmosphere, they ultimately return to the terrestrial ecosystems in the form of aciddeposition. This may lead to soil acidification and affecting the normal growth of vegetation.Once the vegetation is destroyed wildly, desertification will increase greatly, following by thefrequency of dust weather. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of the vehicularemissions of nitrogen and sulfur from the source can provide base data to analyze theecological effects reasonably so that effective control polices can be made to control theemissions of pollutants effectively and reduce the effects of acid deposition on ecosystems.Using data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, vehicular emissions in China in2006and2010were calculated at a high spatial resolution (0.25°×0.25°), by taking theemission standards into consideration. The results were assessed by comparing with therelated results, satellite data, energy consumption, and the uncertainties were analyzed by theMonte Carlo Method. The influences of vehicular emissions of nitrogen and sulfurcompounds on acid deposition were analyzed, combining with the critical loads of Nitrogenand sulfur deposition in different regions of China. Following results can be draw:(1) Compared with2006, vehicular emissions of nitrogen and sulfur increases slightly,and emissions of NOX, NH3, N2O and SO2were459.4,2.1,5.1and13.3ten thousand tons,respectively, in2006and516.7,7.4,6.2and17.5ten thousand tons, respectively, in2010.(2) The characteristics of the vehicular emissions were the same in both two years. NOXemissions were mainly from rural vehicles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, NH3emissions weremainly from motorcycles and light-duty gasoline vehicles, NH3emissions were mainly fromlight-duty gasoline vehicles, SO2emissions were mainly from heavy-duty diesel trucks. Thecontributions of Euro0and Euro I vehicles of each pollutant was up to80%in2006, andwere about70%to80%in2010. NH3was mainly from Euro III and Euro IV vehicles, whichis up to68.0%.(3) In2006and2010, the top three regions of vehicular emissions are concentrated innorthern China, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta region, and the total area ofthese three regions accounted for only8.4%of the country, but they share about half of emissions; NH3emissions increase a lot in2010, located in the economically developedeastern provinces such as Beijing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The results of the spatial distributionis reasonable, and the space allocation method used in this study can effectively allocatedcontaminants to the sparsely populated remote area but where traffic is heavy, and the resultsare consistent to the actual situation.(4) By comparing the results of other researches, fuel consumption and satellite data, theresults of this study are demonstrated to be reasonable generally, and the differences betweenthe results of this study and other study were within11%, besides, good agreement was shownbetween the results and the fuel consumption, which were0.66and0.62, respectively. Theuncertainty analysis shows that there are still some uncertainties in this study for the lack ofsome basic data, so more researches should be down on this research.(5) Vehicular emission of sulfur shares little contribution to the total emission, which isjust about0.4%, so its contribution to sulfur deposition can be neglected, but can’t fornitrogen emission owing to its high contribution, which is about22.1%. The influences ofvehicular emissions of nitrogen compounds on acid deposition were analyzed, combiningwith the critical loads of nitrogen deposition in different regions of China. The HeilongjiangProvince of northeastern China, the eastern coastal provinces, the Inner Mongolia, and theeast of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau were sensitive to nitrogen deposition, so the supercriticalindex in these were high, which were from3to5, therefore, stricter measures need to be takento control vehicle emissions of nitrogen in these regions; in the eastern part of Shandong,Henan and Hebei provinces, although they were not sensitive to nitrogen deposition, but dueto the high level of emissions of nitrogen, the supercritical index here were over4, so strictermeasures also need to be taken here; in the western region, the nitrogen emissions is very low,but because of the critical loads of nitrogen deposition of each province in this region werebelow1.2, if the development of the west was accelerated, this region may also be affected, sosome preventive measures need to be taken.(6) Considering the effects of the vehicular emissions of nitrogen and sulfur, moremeasures should be taken to control it. Although China has make great efforts to improve theemission and oil standards, China is still nearly ten years later than in the European Union,Not only are the implementation times of each standard later than Europe’s, but the technology for controlling the content of the oil is still behind the European Union and worldstandards. Therefore, technological improvements should be continued to reduce the vehicularemissions so that China can reach the world standards sooner. |
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