Toxic Effects Of Diclofenac And Simvastatin To Selenastrum Capricornutum And Daphnia Magna

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are generally detected inaquatic environments and may cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms, even posepotential risks to aquatic ecosystem. They are characterized with peu-persistence,bioaccumulation and slow biodegradation in environment owning to theirs continousdischarge into environment.In this paper, the toxic effects of two kinds of PPCPs, Diclofenac (DCF) andSimvastatin (SV) to Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna wereinvestigated, through the determination of a series of physiological and biochemicalparameters, including the growth toxicity tests, the change of JIP-test parameters ofphotosynthesis, the activities of antioxidase enzyme and P450detoxification enzymesystem of S.capricornutum and D.magna exposed to different concentrations ofdiclofenac and simvastatin for different exposure times.The results indicated that DCF is low-toxic for S.capricornutum. Sensitiveresponses were found for JIP-test parameters of photosynthesis including S, N,ABS/RC and PIabs to exposure of DCF. These changes indicated that DCF couldinhibit the electron flow beyond QA-. The content of methane dicarboxylic acldehyde(MDA) was increased with the increased DCF concentration. The activities ofglutathione-s-transferase (GST) increased at the exposure of DCF (0.2mg·L-1) butdecreased with the further increase of DCF contentration (5.0mg·L-1and25mg·L-1).GST and MDA were sensitive and suitable to be potential biomarkers for the exposureof DCF.In the21d-chronic test, it was indicated that the eggs production amount, thetotal egg production number, the body length and the intrinsic growth rate of D.magnadecreased at the DCF treated groups. It indicated that these were the sensitiveparameters for the chronic exposure of DCF. With the increasing concentration ofDCF, the content of MDA increased but no significant difference was found comparedto the high concentration (5.0mg·L-1). GST activity was increased at the low concentration treated groups while decreased at the high concentrations. The contentof glutathione (GSH) was decreased with the increase of DCF concentration. ERNDand APND activities were induced firstly and then inhibited. GSH, MDA, GST,ERND and APND were sensitive to the exposure of DCF and suitable to be used aspotential biomarkers for the exposure of DCF.The growth of S.capricornutum and JIP-test parameters of photosynthesis ofalgae were not sensitive to the exposure of simvastatin. GST activities were inducedfirstly and then inhibited. SOD activities were always induced during the wholeexposure period. SOD and GST were sensitive and suitable to be used to be potentialbiomarkers for the exposure of SV.The48h LC50of SV for D.magna was468μg·L-1, suggesting that it washigh-toxic to D. Magna, In the21d-chronic test, it was indicated that the eggsproduction amount, the total egg production number, the body length and the intrinsicgrowth rate of D. magna decreased with the increased concentration of SV. GSTactivities were induced significantly. APND activity was also induced significantly.Theses parameters were sensitive and suitable to be used to be potential biomarkersfor the exposure of SV.