Adaptation And Reconstruction Of Liver Theory In Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVEBy using the method of Archaeology of Knowledge and liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine as entry point, the article constructs field of discourse before and after QuanTiXinLun written, investigates the changes of related concept in liver theory and its behind knowledge systems before and after QuanTiXinLun written, to construct system formation and history of evolution of liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine during that era.METHODThe article uses analytical method of discursive formation in Archaeology of Knowledge, to study content in the book such as related concept of object formation, statements, concept spreading and subject dependency of liver theory, before and after QuanTiXinLun written, analyze history of liver theory changes in Traditional Chinese Medicine.1. Investigate object formation of "liver", "GanTi","GanYong", "liver storing blood", "liver controlling dispersion"," liver controlling tendon" in articles before Song-Ming-early Qing Dynasty, QuanTiXinLun and medical literature in School of Integrative Medicine. I.e. what do "liver"," GanTi","GanYong" refer to; "liver storing blood" which the object "storing" of; what does "blood" refer to. In "liver controlling dispersion", what does "dispersion" refer to. In"liver controlling tendon", what does "tendon" refer to.2. Investigate statement of "liver", "liver storing blood", "liver controlling dispersion", in articles before Song-Ming-early Qing Dynasty, QuanTiXinLun and medical literature in School of Integrative Medicine. I.e. These three appear by what method, with which concept, in what order.3. Investigate definition of concept of "liver", "liver storing blood", "liver controlling dispersion", in articles before Song-Ming-early Qing Dynasty, QuanTiXinLun and medical literature in School of Integrative Medicine, i.e. How was the concept being defined in these three, compared to other concepts such as "gall bladder", "spleen", " heart governing the blood", "heart housing mind".4. Investigate subordinate subject of liver theory, in articles before Song-Ming Dynasty, QuanTiXinLun and medical literature in School of Integrative Medicine:The scope of its clinical application (diseases such as jaundice, stroke etc.) and changes in application principles.RESULTSFrom Han-Tang till Song-Ming Dynasty, regarding "heaven" in space-time concept, it had never been a huge change, although constitution theory in Yin Yang, WuXing, Zangfu theory, diagnosis and treatment mode had been changed due to the changes in the worldof human body and human cognitive model. In Han-Tang Dynasty, use heaven and earth and Qi as the backing, theory of SuShu combined with human body, analog "Divine Right of King", below these three human cognitive models, the key content of liver theory is matching WuShenZang with WuXing, liver stores "spring Qi" as treasury, circulation of spring Qi in the liver meridian, both of them are entity; liver diseases and diseases in liver meridian show typical sypmtoms of abnormity in "Qi"; theory of liver storing blood emphasis more on "Qi", blood storing soul is its core content. The relationship between liver and spleen shows as generative and restrictive relationship between Wood and Earth, used to explain needling method works on Qi and blood of liver and spleen in principle of compensation and relief, discuss regularity in disease spread, explain pulse condition and judge the prognosis of the disease. Song-Ming-Qing Dynasty quoted YiJing into medicine field, by the understanding of lattice and extension of knowledge in everything, the human body model changes under static and dynamic view of "TaiJi" which possess congenital or acquired human body model, main liver theory changed to static and dynamic view of "TaiJi" and core; liver as entity, liver as JueYinFengMu, ministerial fire stores inside, itself can produce YinYang, Qi and blood; propose liver controlling dispersion, ministerial fire is the motive power of dispersion; liver as organ a storing blood, blood was produced, theory of blood storing soul being marginalized gradually; liver disease was discussed from different point of view such as YinYang, exterior and interior, deficiency and excess, chills and fever etc.; discussion of relationship between liver and spleen becomes ministerial fire and YuanQi, excess of liver Qi and spleen deficiency.Through the investigation found that in the process of translating QuanTiXinLun faced with many difficulties. Restricted pyramid selling, cultural conflict among intellectual and language barrier, under these circumstances, Hobson adopted imitation of Confucianism methodologically, not depreciate Traditional Chinese Medicine in attitudes, in the way of borrowing Traditional Chinese Medicine terminology in the terms of word to localize QuanTiXinLun. QuanTiXinLun adapted liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine, composed and completed the translation, the book borrowed the vocabularies in Traditional Chinese Medicine theory such as "Gan","GanJin", "GanTi","GanYong", "Jin", "Mai", "GuZhang", "HuangDan" in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, but their concepts are different from theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In QuanTiXinLun, tendon contrast to the concept of "tube pass" and propose structure of solid body, divided into two types which are RouJin (tendon) and NaoQiJin (nerve). "Mai" refers to blood vessel; the concept of liver meridian is similar to modern liver system, GanTi is liver in noumenon dissect; GanYong refers to the function of liver; liver secrets bile, the function of bile is to digest food, digestion is also one of the liver functions, liver disease is divided into hepatobiliary diseases, TiBing and YongBing. TiBing is hepatic lesion in solid body, divided into two types of new and old. YongBing,was categorized according to the amount and speed of bile secretion, jaundice was classified into liver disease, stroke, convulsion,epilepsyetc. were included into "NaoQiJin" disease.The reformation concept of body and function in QuanTiXinLun caused School of Integrative Medicine start to discuss liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine from the aspect of structure and function during later period. Theory of anatomy and physiology,blood circulation theory, NaoQiJin and liver theory in QuanTiXinLun have great influences towards liver theory for School of Integrative Medicine in later ages, can even say that it reforms the past Traditional Chinese Medicine theory. For important conceptual objects in liver theory, the appearance of physiological anatomy cause liver in solid body during Han-Tang till Song-Ming Dynasty, changes included liver in solid body changed to liver of gasification which contains functional meaning in this period, also liver in solid body and liver of gasification were not unified. "NaoQiJin" the incoming nervous system, caused the theory of liver being connected with tendons change to liver controlling nerves, stroke, convulsion, infantile convulsion, depression syndrome and other diseases were determined treatment from nerve and liver. Accompanied by transmission of blood circulation theory and neural theory, "liver storing blood" theory was changed, liver was not only a container for storing blood, but also had the function of regulating blood flow. Lastly combined with the theory of liver produce bile and digest food, liver controlling dispersion, the dispersion refers to bile, liver increases the function of promoting digestion, the relationship with spleen and stomach mainly embodied as liver promote the spleen and stomach to transport, treatment variation for jaundice changes from spleen to liver.CONCLUSION1. With the change of discourse field, liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine changes from adaptation to transformation in the QuanTiXinLun, liver theory changes in different period due to the change of world icon and human cognitive model.2. During the process of adaption, QuanTiXinLun borrows the vocabularies in Traditional Chinese Medicine and redefine them, the changing in concept of body and function are the primary causes of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory to change in later period.3. After QuanTiXinLun became popular, human cognitive model in Traditional Chinese Medicine undergo changes, they approved and used the concept of body and function in QuanTiXinLun, combined with the physiological and anatomical knowledge of Western Medicine, it forms the new liver theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine.