| PCP (pentachlorophenol, PCP) and its sodium salt as a broad-spectrum, high efficiency, low cost of pesticides, preservatives and herbicides have long used around the world. China was the largest producers of PCP and consumer in the world, annual production of pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt reached 10 million tons share of 1/5 of the global output. In the early 60's PCP-Na as molluscicide was once heavy and widely used to kill schistosome intermediate host snails in endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China.Pentachlorophenol has accumulation. Pentachlorophenol in water body could be entered into plants and animals through the bio-enrichment. Pentachlorophenol in different plants and animals can also be generated biomagnification by the food chain, therefore, the population can be exposed high levels of PCP through the ingestion of drinking water and food. Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animal and the potential risk on human health, pentachlorophenol is classified as a probable human carcinogen 2B by IARC. PCP is also designated as a priority control of environmental organic pollutants and persistent organic pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.PCP was currently stopped to use as a molluscicide, due to lack of knowledge, lack of supervision, there are still fishermen use it as a clear pond and kill mussel and clam in aquaculture. Schistosomiasis of endemic areas, most located in the south of China, is more abundant rainfall and more dense water network, PCP is easy to enter the water through the rain caused water pollution. Because the degradation rate of pentachlorophenol in water and sediment is low, it is easy to enrich in aquatic organisms. Therefore, PCP can be found in fish shrimp and other creatures, the people can be exposed PCP through drinking water and food.The main objective of this project is to establish simple, rapid, accurate and reliable measure methods to detect pentachlorophenol in water, sediment and fish, bile of fish and human plasma. Jintan in Jiangsu province where is endemic areas of schistosomiasis in the past time, now still use PCP to clear fish ponds. Levels of pentachlorophenol in environmental samples including the pond water and sediment, and biological samples including fish, fish bile and human plasma was detected in order to know the status of environmental pollution and human exposure in using area of PCP.Part one The establishment and optimization of automated headspace solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography for the detection of pentachlorophenol in water. Solid phase micro-extraction was employed to enrich the target extraction. The condition of solid phase micro extraction system including pH, ionic strength and equilibrium time, extraction time and desorption time was optimized, Sample was separated by the DB-17 capillary column and detected by ECD detector, PCP was calculated with the standard curve Quantitatively. Standard addition recovery was used to evaluate of accuracy and precision. The result show when sample was put pH2.0 saturated solution of sodium chloride system with 85℃heat balance for 20min, PA SPME extraction for lOmin, and then injected into the gas chromatography system with desorption at 280℃for 5min. PCP concentration in the 0.053-106μg/L range exists a good linear relationship with the value of chromatographic response r=0.9999. The lowest detection limit was 0.0082μg/L, The average recoveries ratio was 92.1%-106.7% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5.3%. The method is with high sensitive and detection limit increased 25 times compared with the national standard and the increased by. The advantagement of these methods is high accuracy, precision, high degree of automation and without consumption of organic solvents,It can be used in a the continuous, rapid and accurate determination of pentachlorophenol in different samples.Part two Solid phase micro extraction and gas chromatography was employed to detect pentachlorophenol in sediment, fish, bile of fish and human plasma. The results showed that PCP in sediment, fish, fish bile and human plasma was transferred the water phase when sample was put pH2.0 saturated solution of sodium chloride system with 85℃heat balance for 20min, PA SPME extraction for 10min, and then injected into the gas chromatography system with desorption at 280℃for 5min. PCP concentration in the 0.077-154μg/L (μg/kg) range exists a good linear relationship with the value of chromatographic response r=0.9992. The lowest detection limit of PCP in sediment fish,fish bile and human plasma was 0.032μg/kg, 0.033μg/L and 0.027μg/L, respectively. The average recoveries ratio was 77.0%-82.5% for fish,87.9%-89.2% for fish bile,88.8%-91.8% for human plasma. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 8% 6.4% for fish, for fish bile 5.7% and for human plasma, respectively. These results demonstrated that the established method is suitable for testing in different environmental media and biological materials exposed to trace levels of PCP.Part three:PCP exposure of aquaculture environment and biological materials in Jintan of Jiangsu. In Jintan city,4 fish ponds using PCP and 5 fish ponds stop to use PCP within 5-year were selected and collected pond water, sediment, fish, fish bile and fisher blood to detect the concentration of PCP. The results show that the average concentration of pentachlorophenol in water of pond was 7.36μg/L in fish pond using PCP the environmental media of PCP, the highest concentration was 21.62μg/L.The average concentration in sediment was 6.19μg/ kg, the highest concentration was up to 12.88μg/kg. In biological medium, the average PCP concentration in fish was 0.22μg/kg, the highest 0.35μg/kg; in fish bile average concentration of PCP was 94.19μg/L, the highest concentration reached 167.30μg/L. PCP was detected from fisher plasma, it was0.49-3.39μg/L.Comparison of environmental media used pentachlorophenol, there were significantly lower than those of without PCP consumption. The average concentration of Pentachlorophenol in water and sediment was 0.11μg/L and 0.25μg/L. The highest concentration was 0.25μg/L in water and 0.65μg/L in sediment. For biological medium, the average concentration of pentachlorophenol in fish and fish bile was 0.04μg/kg and 5.60μg/L, correspondingly the highest was 0.10μg/kg and 18.63μg/L, respectively. PCP residues can be found in fisher plasma even without using PCP for five year, the concentration was 0.16-0.21μg/L. These results show that the PCP degradation in the environment and the human body is slow。There are multiple ways exposed to pentachlorophenol to population in Jintan area. The effect of PCP of pollution on health should pay more attention in this area. |
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