| Objective:The purpose was to understand the iodine nutrition and prevalence of thyroid diseases in children and women(women of childbearing age,pregnant women and lactating women)in Xinjiang,to explore the effects of different iodine nutrition levels on thyroid function,and to determine the effects of iodine nutrition during pregnancy on thyroid function and neural development of offspring rats through animal experiments.Method:(1)(1)According to different iodine supplementation strategies for key groups(women of childbearing age,pregnant women and nursing women)in Xinjiang,a total of900 women were selected from Kashgar area where the key groups were given iodide oil pills twice a year,Aksu Area where the key groups were given iodide oil pills once a year,and Yili area where the key groups had never taken iodide oil pills.There are each 300women of childbearing age,pregnant women and,breast-feeding women each;(2)According to the monitoring results of iodine deficiency disease in Xinjiang,the median urine iodine of children aged 8-10 years was selected in Altay region(100-199μg/L)and Kashgar region(200-299μg/L)for three consecutive years as the area with suitable iodine nutrition and the area with more than suitable iodine content.800school-age children aged8-10 years were selected by stratified random sampling method;(3)Urine and blood were collected from the above population,and the concentrations of urinary iodine,free triiodothyrosine(FT3),free thyroxine(FT4),thyrotropin(TSH),anti-thyroglobulin antibody(Tg Ab),and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb)were determined.(CRT-RC2)intelligence tests for school-age children and blood iodine tests for women;(2)A total of 150 female Wistar rats(SPF)were randomly divided into 5groups according to body weight.They are severe iodine deficiency group(SID),mild iodine deficiency group(MID),normal iodine deficiency control group(NI),mild iodine excess group(MIE)and severe iodine excess group(SIE),5groups were treated with potassium iodine of 0,50,183,2283 and 11617μg/L respectively for 3 months.Thyroid hormone levels,Morris water maze test and exercise energy test were performed on the progeny,and specific metabolites were screened by metabolomics techniques.Results:(1)Under different iodine supplement strategies,the median urinary iodine of women of childbearing age in Kashgar,Aksu and Yili were 631.9μg/L,320.7μg/L and 165.4μg/L,respectively,which were higher in Kashgar and Aksu than in Yili(Z=-11.388,Z=-6.263,P<0.05).The median values of urinary iodine in pregnant women in early pregnancy were 680.1μg/L,372.7μg/L,260.8μg/L,at the middle were 500.1μg/L,249.1μg/L,229.1μg/L,in late trimester were 504.0μg/L,155.5μg/L and 240.7μg/L.The median values of urinary iodine in early,middle and late trimester in Kashgar were higher than those in Yili(Z=-7.843,Z=-2.5579.Z=-2.075,P<0.05).The median urinary iodine of pregnant women in Aksu area was lower than that in Yili area(Z=-2.077,P<0.05).The median urinary iodine of lactating women in Kashgar,Aksu and Yili were 504.0μg/L,278.5μg/L and 177.6μg/L,respectively,which were higher in Kashgar and Aksu than in Yili(Z=-11.771,Z=-6.804,P<0.05).The FT4 level of women of childbearing age in Kashgar was lower than that in Yili(t=4.76,P<0.05).The FT3 and FT4 levels of pregnant women in Kashgar area were higher than those in Yili area(t=2.070,t=3.741,P<0.05),but the TSH level was lower than that in Yili area(Z=-2.134,P<0.05);The level of FT4 in lactating women in Kashgar was lower than that in Yili(t=4.060,P<0.05).There were no differences in other thyroid hormone levels among the three regions.The TPOAb positive rate of lactating women in Kashgar was higher than that in Yili prefecture(χ~2=2.341,P<0.05),but there were no significant differences in Tg Ab positive rate,TPOAb positive rate and double antibody positive rate in other women(P>0.05).The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.7%,17.7%,18.2%(χ~2=6.159,P<0.05).The prevalence of hypothyroxemia in the first trimester was 0%,3.1%and 13.5%(χ~2=6.169,P<0.05).The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 16.7%,0%,0%(χ~2=6.545,P<0.05).The prevalence of hypothyroxemia in lactating women was 10.3%,1.0%and 9.7%(χ~2=8.6482,P<0.05).(2)The median of urinary iodine of 8-10 years old school children in Altay and Kashgar were 185.5μg/L and 250.1μg/L.The median of TSH in children in Altay and Kashgar were 2.9m IU/L and 3.1m IU/L(Z=-0.583,P>0.05),the mean of FT4 were19.0±2.1pmol/L and 20.2±2.1pmol/L(t=60.083,P<0.05).The mean of FT3 values were6.9±0.8pmol/L and 6.9±0.8(t=0.486,P>0.05),the positive rates of TGAb were 3.6%and4.0%(χ~2=0.112,P>0.05),and the positive rates of TPOAb were 9.6%and 30.5%(χ~2=53.931,P<0.05),the positive rate of dual antibody was 0.8%and 2.0%(χ~2=2.241,P>0.05).The total prevalence of thyroid diseases in children was 10.2%and 13.0%(χ~2=1.604,P>0.05),and the IQ scores were 96.6±11.4 and 89.6±12.4(t=2.789,P>0.05).(3)With the increase of water iodine concentration,the serum TSH concentration of progenies rats in five dose groups was 3.0m IU/L,2.9m IU/L,4.7m IU/L,4.2m IU/L,(χ~2=24.329,P<0.05).The concentrations of FT4 were 17.9±4.7pmol/L,16.0±3.1pmol/L,18.7±4.3pmol/L,22.0±3.0pmol/L,24.0±3.5pmol/L(F=26.813,P<0.05).The concentrations of FT3 were 5.9±1.1pmol/L,5.9±1.3pmol/L,6.2±0.7pmol/L,6.2±0.5pmol/L,6.7±0.6pmol/L(F=5.251,P<0.05).The time of progeny rats crossing the balance beam in the five dose groups was 46.0±14.5s,35.8±25.6s,25.3±18.3s,31.6±22.2s,21.7±18.7s(F=2.640,P<0.05).The hanging time on the wire was 16.3±8.0s,25.0±10.9s,33.5±11.8s,25.6±16.9s,32.5±17.2s(F=3.178,P<0.05).The duration of movement on rotating rod was 37.3±12.5s,45.6±11.5s,45.1±17.4s,47.4±18.4s,43.7±9.6s(F=0.741,P>0.05).Four differential metabolites were screened out by non-target metabolomics.Quantitative results of targeted metabolomics showed that:The serum concentration of benzoic acid(BA)in the offspring rats of mild iodine overdose group(MIE)and severe iodine overdose group(SIE)was lower than that of iodine appropriate control group(NI),and the serum concentration of adrenal ketone(COR)in the offspring rats of severe iodine deficiency group(SID)was higher than that of iodine appropriate control group(NI),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusions:The Xinjiang region of women of childbearing age,pregnant women and lactating woman iodine nutrition level and the impact on the thyroid function in a good state,but after the iodine oil pill region has short-term excess iodine nutrition situation,especially the Kashgar region,this study suggests possible Aksu region once a year for iodine measure is more reasonable;The urine iodine of school-age children in Xinjiang presents obvious regional characteristics,and the iodine nutrition of children in Southern Xinjiang exceeds the appropriate level,but thyroid hormone is not affected,suggesting that the iodine nutrition level of children in200-299μg/L may be a relatively safe iodine nutrition range;Different degrees of iodine deficiency and iodine excess during pregnancy can lead to changes in thyroid hormone levels in pregnant rats and their offspring,which can increase the positive rate of thyroid related antibodies in parental rats and their offspring,and damage the learning,memory and motor ability of offspring rats,and the iodine deficiency group is more obvious than the iodine excess group.Targeted metabolomics verification showed that benzoic acid(BA)was down-regulated in iodine overdose and corticosterone(COR)was up-regulated in iodine deficiency,which may be involved in the pathological mechanism of brain injury. |
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