Study On Energy Consumption In Agricultural Production For Sustainable Development In Pakistan

Energy is a major component in enhancing agricultural productivity for the rapidly growing world population.Despite the population growth scenario,food production has decreased in many parts of South Asia,while food consumption per capital has remained stagnant.Increasing the efficiency of agricultural processing,along with the correct use of agronomic inputs,will help to improve the system 's crop productivity and sustainability.As crop development is susceptible to climate change,farming activities impacting the atmosphere should also be carefully considered.Food and environmental protection need intense cultivation with improved production and productive utilization of energy.Most studies in the area was centered on the availability and cost affordability of agricultural inputs.However,limited study was identified in literature accounting performance evaluation of agricultural production processes dependent on sustainable agricultural growth,energy performance or environmental impact analysis.This study assessed the agricultural sustainable development index in Pakistan and analyzed energy utilization in wheat production.Sustainable food production is a major problem for the area of South Asia,where population growth in the last 50 years has almost tripled.From that fact,a comprehensive analysis of energy inputs and outputs is required to conserve energy for future generations without threatening the food supply.Therefore,from 1981-82 to 2018-19,all the data was collected,analyzed energy use,and investigated the impact of energy inputs and energy output levels in Pakistan.Except for livestock products,the output level of 33 agricultural commodities was calculated in form of annual production.Yield level was indicated as an element of complete physical,fertilizer,and seed energy,and conventional least-squares were utilized to assess condition boundaries.The outcomes demonstrated that absolute energy input had expanded from 9.853 GJ ha-1 in 1981-82 to 18.872 GJ ha-1 in 2018-19,and all output energy has ascended from 17.02 GJ ha-1 to a degree of 30.84 GJ ha-1.While,energy proficiency markers,input-energy proportion,energy efficiency,and net energy have diminished during the inspected period.Total physical and fertilizer energy,especially nitrogen,significantly added to yield level with elasticities of-0.016 and 0.24,respectively.The results also revealed that renewable,direct and indirect energy forms had a positive impact on output level.Moreover,Pakistan agriculture has experienced an increase in non-renewable energy use.This inefficient energy use pattern in the Pakistan agriculture can create some environmental problems such as increased global warming,CO2 emissions,and nonsustainability.Thus,policymakers should undertake new policy tools to ensure sustainability and efficient energy use.Further research was performed in wheat production across important cropping zones of Punjab,Pakistan.In this study,the energy use pattern of wheat production was analyzed,and the degrees of technical efficiency of Decision-Making Units(DMUs)were examined using Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA).Based on the DEA analysis results,the inefficient energy inputs were identified and further explored with the core objective of a significant reduction of excess valuable resources.Data were collected from conducting a face-to-face questionnaire of 200 farmers.The farms for the sample were chosen randomly by a standard stratified approach.The results disclosed that the input energy of 34,430.98 MJ ha-1 was used up for wheat production with output energy of 48,267.05 MJ ha-1.Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity,and net energy gain in wheat production were calculated as 1.4 MJ kg-1,9.27 MJ kg-1,0.10 MJ kg-1 and 13,836.07 MJ kg-1,respectively.The average technical,pure technical,and scale efficiency of DMUs were 0.668,0.776,and 0.828,respectively,and 0.74%of consulted DMUs were functioning at decreasing returns to scale.Additionally,the significant energy consumption belongs to fertilizer,and diesel fuel,contributing 65%of the total energy input.If these inputs are applied and managed in line with ours,optimize value(29,388.5 MJ ha-1)could save 14.65%resources,which will eventually add the equal quantity in wheat-yield.The total Greenhouse Gas(GHG)emissions were calculated to be 866.43 kg CO2-eq ha-1.These results suggest that there is a sensible capacity for enhancing the energy efficiency of wheat production in Pakistan by accompanying the recommendations for economical energy management,and efficient use of energy is extremely encouraged.Findings of the study suggest resource conservation measures through better agricultural management practices,and production methods and extension activities are required to improve the efficiency of energy consumption in agriculture production of Pakistan.