Perceiving And Practicing:Study On The Early Stage Of Localization Of Marxism In China

Based on the concept of "localization",this article It focuses on the process by which Marxism was accepted by the intellectual and ideological circles after being introduced into China,and transformed into concrete practice by the Chinese Communist Party,so that Marxism was integrated into the local culture and possessed its "national identity".This article deconstructs the localization of Marxism into two dimensions: one is the localization of the cognitive dimension,which shows how Marxism changes China at the cognitive level;the other is the localization of the practical dimension,which reveals how China "transform" Marxism through practice.Both dimensions,to a large extent,reflect important aspects of the integration of Marxism with Chinese traditional culture and local conditions.The research is focused on the stage from the introduction of Marxism into China at the end of the 19 th century,and ended in 1938 when Mao Zedong proposed "Marxism in China" at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party,and defined this stage as the early stage of localization of Marxism in China.This article mainly selects three elements to discuss the process of early localization of Marxism: conceptual words,discourse and local practice.The article mainly selects three elements to discuss the formation and development of the Sinicization of Marxism: conceptual words,discourses,and local practice,trying to demonstrate the interlingual communication of Marxist theory,the lexicalization of Marxism in Chinese,and the formation of Marxist local discourse.The paper also aims to illustrate the establishment of the subject of the localization,the awakening of localization consciousness,and the sublimation of practicing experience,so as to better explain how Marxism can be localized in China,and how Marxists and non-Marxists can find ideological resources from Marxism to answer the question about where China is going.The narrative logic of this article begins with the changes in Chinese knowledge system and cultural soil in the face of western learning.The western knowledge system was introduced into China,which impacted China's integrated traditional knowledge system.Accompanying the import of Western knowledge is the reconstruction of the world outlook and the earth-shaking changes in the world of thought.On the one hand,reality forced the scholar-officials who used the world to get rid of the "system centered by Huaxia",and re-examine the relationship between China and other "nation-states".On the other hand,Chinese scholars were influenced by Western evolutionary theory,and began to reflect on the fate of China under the historical view of Confucianism and Taoism.They began to integrate Chinese philosophy with Western philosophy or with Western cultures,trying to conceive of the path of changing the destiny of China by adopting the theory of evolution.When new concepts from Western culture were introduced into China,traditional Chinese knowledge and concepts started another round of self-renewal.Socialist thoughts and Marxism started to enter the spiritual world of the Chinese people.Naturally,it is necessary to find suitable Chinese equivalents for each new concept.The terminology of Western translation and the spread of translated works have constructed epistemologically between different domains.The "gate of escape" has become the starting point for the Chinese to understand and understand Marxist thought.At the beginning of the 20 th century,Japan became the main path for the Chinese to accept Marxism.A large number of Japanese-translated Marxist documents and Chinese translations from Japanese provide a conceptual vocabulary of the localization of Marxism in China.The Japanese socialist movement as well as socialist thoughts also build an bridge for the Chinese to accept Marxism,this difficult and obscure knowledge,and imported early theories for Chinese Marxism.In 1919,the May Fourth Movement expanded the influence of Marxism in China and accelerated the process of localization of Marxism.On the one hand,after the May Fourth Movement,an urgent demand for new political expressions and political blueprint was revealed in the Chinese ideological circle,and coincidentally,Marxist theories appeared.On the other hand,Chinese intellectual circle started a new round of reorganization after the May Fourth Movement.The first content is the transformation of discourse issues,that is,the category of using discourse begins to progress from academic issues to political issues.The second is the prominence of the effect of discourse,which is mainly reflected in the effectiveness of discourse in political communication.In this way,Marxist vocabulary began to be gradually attached to ideology and political stance.The third is the establishment of the discourse subject,that is,the emergence of individuals who believe in Marxism.Discourse contention finally returns to the meta-question of "Where is China going",laying the ideological foundation for the integration of theory and practice,reflecting the process of gradual acceptance of Marxism in the cognitive dimension.In 1921,the Communist Party of China became the body dominating the localization of Marxism.Thus,Marxism formally began to transform from one of many foreign thoughts into a practical revolutionary plan.In early stages of the party's practice,the Chinese Communist Party learned from Russia and practiced in accordance with the Russian Marxist scheme.Meanwhile,the Chinese Communist Party consciously reflected past experiences instead of imitating mechanically.Through the tortuous exploration,the party formed an independent view on issues such as the united front,the rural revolution,and the leadership of the proletariat.Mao Zedong's views are undoubtedly the most representative among them.He creatively used Marxism-Leninism and formed a “Sinicized” revolutionary subject,revolutionary method and policy towards the mass.The proposal of "Sinicization of Marxism"(or to adapt Marxism to China's conditions)responds to the question about "Where is China going",and has important cultural significance.First,the proposal of "Marxism in China" demonstrates a transcendence of "theory of system and utilization" and a breakthrough in the inherent paradigm of Chinese and Western cultural evaluation.Second,"Sinicization of Marxism " shows a kind of critical spirit,which reshapes the value of cultural tradition and cultural development to a certain extent.Third," Sinicization of Marxism" highlights the importance of cultural consciousness in the process of localization,and correctly handles the problem of combining universality with particularity.To sum up,localization of Marxism should avoid being divorced from the social reality and ideological movement of modern China,and avoid becoming a logical deduction of its own.Theory must be adapted to reality so as to complete the process of localization.Otherwise,only focusing on the prescriptive or predictive aspect of specific facts can only confine the "Sinicized" Marxism to knowledge level.The reason why the localization of Marxism in China is so typical is that it not only formed the nativistic movement——the social revolution and political revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party,but also transformed it into a part of the Chinese cultural spirit.