Life,Ecology And Order

From the ancient times,Qingshui River valley was a typical underdeveloped area with Ravines crossbar.Popular folk says "there never were three continued sunny days,three square feet of level land and people there have less than three silver in their pocket." The natural conditions are "there never were square feet of level land " and with more mountains,less field.It decided the actual living circumstance of Miao and Dong people——living on mountains.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Qingshui River valley retained a large number of original forest resources.As bulk commodities,wood was heavy to carry;to choose travel overland just suit for short distance transportation,it couldn’t become a preferred way of sinotrans.Qingshui river valley had a wet and humid climate;the river ran across all the counties of Qiandongnan.Forestry economy depended on Qingshui river,Duliu river and Wuyang river,each river had several branches to form densely waterway network,they offered a convenient waterway transportation for forestry economy.The scale of tree-planting,trade and forestry by-product played an important role in Guizhou province for the reason that it had suitable soil conditions for the growth of trees,the good weather conditions combined with advanced tree-planting and management technology of forestry farmers,all of these were necessities for the development of forestry economy.Before liberation,Miao and Dong people wrere ethnics without words to record their affairs,so they got accustomed to carve on wood to record.Forestry contracts written in Chinese characters were typical characters for Miao and Dong people.In the prosperous time of modern forestry economy,the power of culture was embodied to grasp fleeting business opportunities,wisdom in trade directly resulted in wealth finally gain.Therefore,the attention to words in an actual artificial forest was internalized as a way of the pursuit of wealth.Most of the forestry farmers were planting workers or landowners,a paper contract maintained their ownership of trees or forestry land.The loss of contract meant the loss of land and forestry trees,every family kept the contracts seriously due to their effective evidence during the dispute solving.Qingshui river valley,therefore,remained a large number of contract documents which related to forestry economy.In the early age of Qing dynasty,the government took an enforcement that descended from Ming dynasty to the Republic of China,that is,local officers’ management mixed with flowing officers,local officers played a main role.However,the independent regime in the toast and they ran amok in their domain had a great influence on the unsteady society in the southwest of China.The Qing government needed stability in southwest China for the final solution of north junggar separatist insurgency.The government of Qing dynasty took measures of replacing the local officers into assigned officers,and the vast areas of Qingshui river valley were controlled by central government.The wrong officer and radical policies caused strong resistance by local officers and local Miao people.In force against Miao people’s resistance,Qingshui river valley had a road traffic inconvenience,it seriously affected the military progress.After the replacing,the governor of Guizhou——Zhang Guangsi Dredging Qingshui river way.This massive dredging opened an export for the wood to carry to other provinces.The success of the replacing policy offered a stable social environment for the booming forestry economy,it benefited Qingshui river valley in economy and politics,and made the valley a part of the whole country.The original forests became smaller and smaller with the development of wood trading.The big payment of wood trading activated farmers to plant more Chinese firs.They had to dig deeply and made more firs,man-made forests became more and more common,also the tree planting became into a voluntary activity.Several times of Miao people’s rebellion blocked the wood trading,as a result,a large number of wood were backlogged which seriously affected Miao people’s living.A large number of field and earth becsme barren after depression of Qing government,mountain guests took this opportunity and purchased the field and wood,meanwhile they enlarged the manage scale.In order to recover the economy of Qingshui river valley,the Qing government enrolled homeless Miao people,charioted army and took BaoJia measurement.The building of road bridge for the purpose of military during the war which has brought a great convenience for wood carriage,and brought traffic convenience for the recovery of forestry economy.Due to the specialty of man-made forests,timely and large areas of panting may maximize the profits.Restrained by the land scale and land shape,the form of tree planting took the family joint stock management in Qingshui river valley and Duliu river area.The forestry land were shared by the whole family at the beginning and mid-term of forestry booming,the common ownership were shared by each share.Wood was a commodity to get into the market,forestry become a way of earning bread.They needed to obey orders,to make corresponding internal and external protections,to prevent disputes occur,and to reduce transaction costs and risks.Tree planting farmers and landowners set up earning ratios according to the distance to the river and regulated the rights and obligations between the parties.Forestry wood and land circulation effectively regulated the internal orders of production by choosing and restraining measurement,adding special adjustment of village.Contract documents effectively combined with the local knowledge through the corresponding written formats to ensure the safety of the transaction.Both sea and land transport trees there were risks,wood grafted loss and damage of land had the corresponding control measures.Miao and Dong people in Qingshui river valley put much emphasis on ecology protection due to the constrain of natural environment and the needs of their living.Miao and Dong people lived on planting firs,and took the production of wood into their daily life.In order to cope with it,Miao’and Dong people took combination of living environment of the external factors and internal livelihoods as ecological strategies.Living descendant after descendants,Miao and Dong people made a full use of special nature condition,hacking the forestry wood with reasonable developing of wooden by-product.After hacking all the original forests,they walked on the way of man-made forests.They formed circles of producing,offering and sailing woods surrounding Qingshui river valley.The closing style of natural economy in Qingshui river valley mixed into national center of economy and politics.The flow of Chinese firs unified the southwestern and central plains region.In modern Qingshui river valley,people’s living styles mainly depended on wood production,it closely related to the development of forest.On the contrary,the development of forests had a great influence on ecology environment changes,it also confined the development of forestry.From the forests to plantation,a large number of forestry contracts reflected the emergence of Dong people’s perception of forestry completely.The reproduced Miao and dong people’s national forests,used,loved,protected and lived on forests to show a protective way of life and ecological protection awareness.National living way into the forest production and the protection of forestry,combined the growth of trees and the development of the region,it reflected Miao and Dong people’s view of nature and the ecology.After the discovery of the fir,the emperor immediately took it as wood sign,which led to a large-scale timber trade in Qingshui river valley.The Emperor businessmen,civil and commercial one after another successively came into Qingshui river valley,provincial peasants engaged in trade and planting of Chinese fir in mid and late Qing dynasty formed the timber trade.Meanwhile,represents like AnHui businessmen and emperor businessmen,with businessmen all over the country not only brought capital,labor and production technology,but also led to partial in the southwest corner of Qingshui river valley development.The rise of forestry economy,profoundly affected the Qingshui river valley of economy,politics and culture,the prosperity of timber trade also formed the early towns along the coast of the Qingshui river.The living way which depended mainly on forests had an energetic strength to set up a contracting society.