Research On Ecological Compensation Mechanism In Ecological Red Line Area

Ecological red line refers to the spatial boundary and management limit that need to be strictly protected in terms of natural ecological service function,environmental quality and safety,natural resource utilization,etc.,so as to maintain national and regional ecological security,sustainable economic and social development and ensure people's health.The red line of ecological protection is another "lifeline" at the national level after the red line of 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land.After the 18 th CPC National Congress,the Central Committee clearly pointed out that we should strengthen the construction of ecological red line compensation,and use the system to ensure the implementation of ecological red line policy.Therefore,how to build a scientific and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism based on the framework and boundary of ecological red line is an urgent problem to be solved.Combing the existing literature,it is found that the research on Ecological red line compensation is less and still in its infancy.At the same time,the existing ecological compensation mechanism research and the ecological compensation mechanism research in the ecological red line area are different in terms of the subject and object of compensation,the type of compensation,the compensation standard and the long-term mechanism of the compensation mechanism.At the same time,the existing ecological compensation research also has some problems,such as the inconsistency of the technical system and standard of ecological compensation,the integrity of the regional ecosystem The lack of connectivity and compensation fragmentation coexist,and the conflict and connection of cross-border regional ecological space.At the practical level,there are more ecological compensation measures carried out in various existing ecological red line areas,but fewer ecological compensation mechanisms have been systematically constructed.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out a systematic study of ecological compensation in the ecological red line area to solve the problems of "who compensates who","how much to compensate","how to compensate" and "how to ensure the effect of compensation" in the ecological red line area.Based on ecosystem service value theory,public goods theory,sustainable livelihood theory and other theories,guided by problems,using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods,this study takes typical districts and counties such as Youyang County and Chengkou County in Chongqing as samples,through questionnaire survey,in-depth interviews and other forms to study the impact of Chongqing ecological red line policy on farmers' livelihood,deeply analyze the current delimitation of Chongqing ecological red line and the current situation and dilemma of ecological compensation,and clarify the subject and object of ecological compensation in the ecological red line area.Secondly,the improved equivalent factor method based on expert scoring and the ecological value evaluation based on protection cost method are used to quantitatively analyze the service value of the whole ecological red line in Chongqing,and formulate the ecological compensation standard in line with the actual situation and economic development level of Chongqing ecological red line area.Finally,on the basis of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis conclusions,fully considering the realization of ecological product value and farmers' sustainable livelihood,this paper constructs the ecological red line compensation framework mechanism in Chongqing,and puts forward the long-term mechanism of ecological compensation.The main conclusions of this study include the following four points.First,the existing ecological compensation policy has a significant impact on regional development,which clearly needs to further improve the ecological compensation policy in the ecological red line area.Firstly,at the theoretical level,the ecological compensation in the ecological red line area is very different from the existing ecological compensation mechanism.The existing research on ecological compensation mainly focuses on the fields of watershed,wetland,protected area,agriculture and cultivated land.There are differences in the subject and object of compensation,compensation type,compensation standard and long-term mechanism of compensation mechanism.Secondly,the practical level.Through field research and empirical test,it is found that the existing ecological compensation policy in Chongqing has a significant positive impact on farmers' livelihood,farmers' production and living conditions have been improved compared with those before ecological compensation,while farmers' income has not changed significantly compared with those before ecological compensation.Under the current ecological policies in the red line area,there is still room to further improve the synergy between ecological protection and economic development.Rigid ecological policy constraints still lack careful consideration of farmers' livelihood,which has a great impact on farmers' production and life.The implementation of ecological policies with obvious differences in the same region reduces the sense of ecological rights and interests of farmers.Secondly,a quantitative model of ecological compensation based on ecosystem service value was constructed.The ecological compensation value of ecological red line area in Chongqing in 2018 was 7.358 billion yuan,and the 13 priority compensation areas with a large ecological red line area should be compensated first.Through the comparative study,it is found that the ecological quantification method under the ecological red line of Chongqing based on expert knowledge equivalent factor method and protection cost method is in line with the regional characteristics of Chongqing.Through expert questionnaire,in-depth investigation,expert consultation and other means,the unit area ecological service value equivalent of various ecological red line areas in Chongqing,the restoration or prevention methods of soil and water loss and rocky desertification and the specific unit area cost are in line with the scientific law and the actual situation of Chongqing.Based on this,the ecological value of five different ecological red line areas in Chongqing is evaluated.The total ecological value is 115.991 billion yuan,and the unit ecological value is 5.6732 million yuan per square kilometer.From the perspective of districts and counties,the unit ecological value of 26 of the 39 districts and counties exceeds the average value,mostly along the Yangtze River,Jialing River and other districts and counties.At the same time,based on the full analysis of classical cases and studies,the inverse cotangent function of unit ecological value and unit GDP and logistic growth curve model are introduced to determine the ecological value adjustment coefficient of different types of red line areas.Based on this,the ecological compensation standards of ecological red line areas in all districts and counties of Chongqing are calculated.The ecological compensation value of Chongqing's ecological red line area in 2018 totaled 7.358 billion yuan,accounting for 0.36% of Chongqing's GDP in 2018.Among them,Chengkou county has the largest ecological compensation value of 994 million yuan.There are 11 districts and counties with a compensation value of more than 200 million yuan.The ecological red line area of these 11 districts and counties accounts for more than 25% of the land area,which is the key area of ecological red line compensation in Chongqing.Among them,the compensation value of six districts and counties such as Yuzhong District can be ignored,indicating that these six districts do not carry out compensation.According to the calculated priority compensation level of each district and county,39 districts and counties in Chongqing are divided into three levels: priority compensation area,secondary compensation area and potential compensation area.Chongqing's underdeveloped areas and ecological red line areas account for a large area,and the regional space is highly overlapped.Priority should be given to the underdeveloped areas and 13 priority compensation areas with large ecological red line area.Developed areas less affected by the ecological red line policy should strengthen the inter regional compensation mechanism of Chongqing ecological red line protection on the basis of Chongqing horizontal compensation agreement.Thirdly,based on the empirical analysis of the effect of ecological compensation method from the perspective of farmers' livelihood,it is determined that the ecological red line area of Chongqing should take the government as the leading compensation mode,implement comprehensive ecological compensation,increase policy compensation,accelerate market compensation.The existing ecological compensation methods have a significant differential impact on the livelihood of farmers in the ecological red line area,with some positive effects and some limitations.Family factors,location factors and cognitive factors have an important impact on Farmers' livelihood.Specifically,ecological construction,publicity of ecological compensation policy,industrial compensation and traffic accessibility have a significant positive impact on the livelihood,life and production as a whole or in part.The positive impact of cash compensation and in kind compensation on farmers' overall livelihood,income and production is very limited,and even has a negative impact.According to the empirical conclusion,combined with Pigou's principle and Coase's principle,based on the current situation of positive externality of ecological environment,it is concluded that the ecological compensation mode and mode in Chongqing's ecological red line area can be selected.We can choose the government led compensation mode,implement comprehensive ecological compensation,flexible application of rigid policies,increase policy compensation and accelerate market-oriented compensation,broaden the source of compensation funds,establish a supervision mechanism for public participation,increase the participation of multiple social forces,and continuously improve the effect and efficiency of ecological compensation.Fourth,it constructs a long-term mechanism of ecological compensation in Chongqing ecological red line area,which is composed of Ecological Compensation Assistance Coordination Mechanism,ecological value evaluation mechanism,ecological product value realization mechanism and farmers' sustainable development mechanism.On the basis of systematic analysis,this study puts forward the overall framework of ecological compensation mechanism in Chongqing ecological red line area,draws the overall framework diagram of ecological compensation in Chongqing ecological red line area,and makes it clear that the essence of ecological compensation mechanism is the interest coordination mechanism of ecological resources.Ecological compensation mechanism includes ecological compensation subject,ecological compensation object,ecological compensation standard The ecological compensation mode and the long-term mechanism of ecological compensation complement each other and are indispensable,which together constitute the ecological compensation mechanism of the ecological red line area.Among them,the compensation subject,compensation object,compensation standard and compensation method are the main part,and the long-term ecological compensation mechanism composed of Ecological Compensation Assistance Coordination Mechanism,ecological value evaluation mechanism,ecological product value realization mechanism and farmers' sustainable development mechanism is the object part.The main innovations of this paper are as follows.(1)From the perspective of ecological red line,this paper systematically studies the ecological compensation mechanism under the framework of ecological red line.The ecological red line is another national "lifeline" besides the cultivated land red line.In 2017,the national ecological protection red line delimitation and system construction were officially launched.At this stage,a large number of explorations have been made on the compensation of cultivated land,forest,watershed,grassland,mine and other factors from the perspective of ecological compensation theory and practice.The research on Ecological red line mainly focuses on the delimitation of ecological red line and the effectiveness of ecological red line policy protection,and there is relatively little research on the ecological compensation mechanism under the framework of ecological red line.The ecological compensation in the ecological red line area is very different from the existing ecological compensation theory.From the background of the establishment of ecological red line and the significance and role of ecological compensation,this study analyzes the relevant stakeholders involved in ecological red line compensation,empirically tests the impact and factors of current compensation measures on the livelihood of farmers in ecological red line area,and calculates the ecological service value and compensation standard of ecological red line area in Chongqing,the construction of a unified quantitative method and long-term mechanism of ecological compensation under the ecological red line in Chongqing from a multidisciplinary perspective makes up for the relative shortcomings of the existing ecological red line and ecological compensation research to a certain extent,and expands the research scope of them.(2)This paper optimizes the quantitative method of ecological compensation based on ecosystem service value.Ecological compensation standard is the key to the effectiveness of ecological compensation system,which determines whether ecological compensation can operate effectively.The existing ecological compensation theory has not been unified in the system construction and calculation methods of ecological compensation standards,and the compensation standards are quite different due to the quantitative methods used in different ecological compensation practices.Based on the summary and analysis of the existing theoretical basis and practice of ecological compensation,the equivalent factor method and the usage of protection fee based on expert knowledge,through expert questionnaire,in-depth investigation,expert consultation and other methods,determine the ecological service value equivalent per unit area,the restoration or prevention methods of soil and water loss and rocky desertification and the specific cost per unit area of various ecological red line areas in Chongqing,and evaluate the ecological value of five different ecological red line areas in Chongqing.Based on the actual situation of the ecological red line,the regional characteristics of Chongqing and the social development level of Chongqing,this method has been optimized to a certain extent from the aspects of scientificity and operability.(3)The ecological compensation mechanism based on farmers' sustainable livelihood is discussed.From the two single research areas to the cross research of ecological compensation and farmers' livelihood,there have been many research results,but they are mainly limited to the level of their interaction.Through questionnaires and in-depth interviews,this study investigated the five decisive factors of residents' life and production in the ecological red line area.The investigation and empirical analysis show that the existing ecological compensation methods have a significant differential impact on farmers' livelihood.According to different influence degrees,this paper determines the comprehensive ecological compensation mode of ecological red line area in Chongqing;proposed to establish an all-round ecological compensation fund financing model driven by the market;the long-term mechanism of ecological compensation based on Farmers' sustainable livelihood is formulated;constructs an ecological compensation system and mechanism to improve farmers' livelihood within the framework of ecological red line,promotes the realization of the value of ecological products based on Farmers' forest rights and water rights,and promotes the transformation of ecological resources into economic resources.This paper discusses the ecological compensation mechanism from the perspective of farmers,and puts forward some policy suggestions on the relevant long-term mechanism.