A cross-sectional examination of sex differences in depressed youth: Ruminative response theory, pubertal status, and hormones

Prevalence estimates indicate that during adolescence a shift in the sex ratio of depression occurs that results in twice as many females reporting symptoms as males. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between this sex shift and a set of risk factors (ruminative coping, pubertal status, and hormones) using the tripartite model. Data were collected from 213 adolescents (between ages 12 and 19) across all stages of pubertal development (pre-, mid-, and post-puberty) through paper and pencil questionnaires and measures of hand features. Results partially supported the hypotheses: sex differences in response style were found, the relationship between pubertal status and depression was moderated by sex, and the 2DA:4D variable significantly predicted depressive symptoms whereas finger ridge count did not. A hierarchical interpretation of the findings is presented and discussed in the context of Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus' (1994) developmental models. Implications for assessing and treating depression in youth are noted. Limitations of the current study are reviewed along with suggestions for future research.