| ObjectiveThis study first conducts the gross anatomy on the musculi rectus capitis posterior minor of 10 head specimens,as well as the MRI imaging on the musculi rectus capitis posterior minor of 109 healthy adults,and based on aforementioned study results and in the same method,this study then conducts MRI imaging and measurement analysis on the musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferior of 109 healthy adults,in order to offer morphological data for the study of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferior of healthy adults,and to serve as the imaging anatomy basis for the functional and clinical study of suboccipital muscle group.Materials and MethodsI.Study Object1.10 head specimens of male adult preserved in 10%Formalin.2.109 healthy adult volunteers(47 males and 62 females,aged between 19 and 70,average age(39.20 ± 14.10)).None of the 109 volunteers is found any pathological change on their neck and all of their consent letters have been received by us.II.Equipment and Parameter1.Equipment:the MRI scanner used for this study is 0.35T MRI(BTI-035,Shenzhen BASDA Medical Apparatus Co.,Ltd.),together with neck phased array coils;2,Sequence:scanning sequence is T2WI/FSE(TR/TE 3,200 ms/115 ms),matched with 272 x 272 mm projection zone of 5.0 mm scanning thickness,1.0 mm layer,256 × 279 matrix,and twice activation.III.Methods1.The gross anatomy and measurement of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor specimenTake the 10 head specimens of male adult preserved in 10%Formalin and fully expose the starting and ending points of their musculi rectus capitis posterior minors to measure:1.the length of margo medialis and lateral border of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor;2.the included angle between margo medialis and lateral border;3.the width of the starting and ending points of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor;4.the length of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor along angular bisector.2.The MRI-imaging and Measurement on Volunteer’s Musculi Rectus Capitis Posterior MinorT2-weighted scan imaging is performed respectively from 7 scanning angles on volunteer’s left musculi rectus capitis posterior minor.Specimen observation shows that there is ligamentum nuchae on the midline of head and neck,about 5mm in thickness;therefore,0-degree scanning angle shall be set at 5mm left of median sagittal plane,and other scanning angles shall be rotated from the center of dentes epistrophei(C2),respectively 25,30,35.40,45 and 50 degrees towards left.According to each scanning angle,sagittal T2WI image of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor at each angle shall be collect,and then,through MR workstation to measure the length of each musculi rectus capitis posterior minor before a comparison is made between them;the scanning angle with the longest section shall be regarded as the optimum angle,and then,measure such section with Mimics software 16.0(Belgium)for the area of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,as well as the overall length between the starting and ending points.3.Measurement on the sectional area of musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferiorBased on the study results of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,perform successive sagittal scan imaging at 30-degree angle on the musculi rectus capitus posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferior of 109 volunteers,select the maximum T2WI sectional image for both muscles and measure their respective area with Mimics software 16.0(Belgium).IV.Data analysisWith SPSS11.5 statistical software to make data analysis,data description shall include range,mean value,standard deviation and 95%credibility interval.Single factor variance analysis and paired sample T test shall be employed to compare adjacent angle,gender and age group,and statistical significance applies to those P values less then 0.05.ConclusionsI.Measurement on the morphological parameters of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor of human specimen1.Musculi rectus capitis posterior minor is shaped like a sector,with an included angle of 60.70±4.36 degrees;2.The margo medialis length on the posterior median line side of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor is 26.97±5.03mm,margo lateralis length is 24.51 ±6.80mm,the length of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor along angular bisector is 27.77±5.00mm,and the width of its starting and ending points is respectively:7.94±1.42mm and 27.23±4.62mm.Ⅱ.MRI anatomical parameters1.When sagittal T2WI imaging is performed at MRI 30-degree angle on musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,the length measured is able to reach the maximum.Based on which,we believe 30-degree scanning angle is the optimum angle to reveal musculi rectus capitis posterior minor;2.Of the length measured at 30-degree scanning angle through T2WI imaging on the venter of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,21.23 ± 2,61mm is the length for male,and 19.31 ± 2.36mm is the length for female,which shows obvious sex difference(p<0.05)through statistical analysis:3.Of the length measured on the muscle.25.74±3.51 mm is the length between the starting and ending points for male,and 24.12±3.31 mm is the length between the starting and ending points for female,which is an obvious sex difference(p<0.05)via statistical analysis;4.Of the measurement results on the sectional area of T2WI image at 30-degree scanning angle,91.94±27.15mm2 is male’s sectional area,73.34 ± 22.01 mm2 is female’ s sectional area,which demonstrates obvious sex difference(p<0.05);5.Further divided male and female into two age groups(1 group above 45 years old,the other less or equal to 45 years old),the length and area of both male and female groups have not changed with age(p>0.05).Ⅲ.Magnetic resonance dissection parameter imaging of musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferiorAccording to the research results of musculi rectus capitis posterior minor,carry out magnetic resonance T2WI sagittal view imaging of musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferior with an angle of 30°:1.The musculi rectus capitis posterior T2WI fracture surface appears as a long and narrow triangle,the cross sectional area measured value for male is(183.30±42.24)mm2,and is(133.05±26.44)mm2 for female,the statistical analysis shows significant gender differences(p<0.05).2.The musculi obliquus capitis inferior T2WI fracture surface appears as a oval the cross sectional area measured value for male is(254.81±46.20)mm2,and is(167.42±27.85)mm2 for female,the statistical analysis shows significant gender differences(p<0.05).3.By the comparison between the male and female volunteers above and below 45 years old(including 45 years old),it is found that there is no significant age difference of cross sectional area measured value of between the the male and female musculi rectus capitis posterior and musculi obliquus capitis inferior(p>0.05).ObjectiveThis paper discusses the effects of head turning on circulation of cerebrospinal fluid through the study on head turning movement of 40 healthy adult volunteers in 1 min and using the method of magnetic resonance phase contrast film imaging technology to study the change of cerebrospinal fluid parameters before and after the head turning movement.Materials and methodsⅠ.Research objectForty adult volunteers have participated in,mainly from the researchers in the project,including 16 male volunteers,24 female volunteers,20 to 49 years old,with an average age of 26.2±7.2,volunteers need to accept the magnetic resonance imaging,all the tests were approved by the volunteers involved and all the volunteers have no history of heart disease,neurological disease or endocrine disease.Ⅱ.Methods1.Using a US GE 1.5T MRI scanner,using magnetic resonance phase contrast film imaging technology,through the peripheral pulse trigger technology,combined with ECG-gating technology,the related dynamic parameters of cerebrospinal fluid flow were measured by superior border section of atlas.2.All volunteers are scanned twice:The first scan is done after a rest,the second scan is done after a continuous head turning of lmin.When accepting scan,volunteers lie on their back,number of head turning per second is about 0.5,when the head turns from side to the other side,and then turns back to the origin by the other side,counted as a circle.The volunteers turn their heads according to the researchers’instructions and complete standard head movements within 1 minute.After the end of the head movement for lmin,the staff will immediately reposition and scan and conduct the second film phase position contrasting scan.3.Phase contrast image of cerebrospinal fluid is transferred to AW46 MR independent workstation,and various parameters of cerebrospinal fluid are analyzed using Report Card 4.0 analysis software.Use the ROI function of analysis software to draw the irregular contour shapes,to circle the entire cross section of the subarachnoid space of superior border section of atlas,the results are used to draw the flow velocity waveform on the Y-axis and the cardiac cycle fraction waveform on the X-axis;The positive value of the curve corresponds to the cerebrospinal fluid flow from head to tail during the cardiac contraction period,the negative value corresponds to the cerebrospinal fluid flow from the tail to the head during the diastolic period.The waveform of cerebrospinal fluid velocity is analyzed according to the time and amplitude parameters of cerebrospinal fluid.Ⅲ.Data Analysis.The range,mean,and standard deviation were calculated for each parameter.All parameters were compared between both scans acquired before and after the one-minute head rotation period.Statistical significance was calculated using a paired sample t-test or Chi-Square test.A p value of less than 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.ConclusionsThe cerebrospinal fluid flow throughout the cardiac cycle is described as a CSF flow velocity-cardiac cycle curve,the parameters of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction are calculated and analyzed according to this curve.1.Time parameter analysis The time parameters include the mean value of cerebrospinal fluid flow(R-D)measured during the time interval from R wave(peak of forward curve)to the onset of cardiac diastole;Mean value of cerebrospinal fluid flow(R-D)measured from R waves to the onset of cardiac systole;Mean values of DSF duration during cardiac systole and DDF duration during cardiac diastole.Statistically,there is no statistical significance for time measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow before and after lmin head turning exercise(P>0.05).2.Amplitude parameter analysis The dynamic amplitude parameters of cerebrospinal fluid include mean value of maximum systolic flow rate MSFR,mean value of maximum diastolic flow rate MDFR,averagesystolic flow rate ASFR and average diastolic flow rate ADFR.After the head turning for 1 min,the maximum diastolic flow rate MDFR and average diastolic flow rate ADFR significantly speed up(P<0.05),while the maximum systolic flow rate MSFR and averagesystolic flow rate ASFR remain the same(P>0.05).3.Capacity parameter analysis Capacity parameter of cerebrospinal fluid include mean value of systolicCSF flow volumeVS,mean value of diastolic CSF flow volumeVD and mean value of net-flow volumeNV.After the head turning for 1 min,the increase of diastolic CSF flow volumeVD makes the net flow in the cerebral direction after the head turning for 1 min increase significantly(P<0.05).4.The impact of head turning movement on the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid varies with the direction of net-flow volume.ObjectiveThis paper discusses the influence of head nodding movement on cerebrospinal fluid flow by adopting magnetic resonance phase contrast film imaging technology to study and analyze the changes of various parameters of cerebrospinal fluid before and after 1 min of head nodding movement of 60 healthy adult volunteers.Materials and Methods1.Object of Study60 adult volunteers have took part in,mainly from researchers of the project,including 30 males and 30 females,ages between 18 and 25,with an average age of 20.9±1.041.These volunteers are required to undergo magnetic resonance imaging.All trials are approved by these participants.All volunteers are free from the history of heart disease,neurological diseases,or endocrine diseases.Ⅱ.Methods1.The US GE 1.5T MR1 scanner and film phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging technology are employed.The surrounding gating technology,combined with ECG gating technology is adopted to measure the parameters of cerebrospinal fluid through the upper edge of the atlas.2.All volunteers participating in the test are required to undergo two scans.The first scan is performed after the rest,and the second scan is performed after these volunteers having a continuous 1 minute head nodding movement.When undergoing the scanning,volunteers are required to keep their body on supine position,and their heads leaning against the magnetic resonance test bed.The nodding movement is about 0.5 times per second.When the head moves from the middle position to the position of maximum rising and returns to the origin,and then from the origin to the position of maximum bowing and returns to the original point,counted as a head nodding movement.Volunteers do nodding movement according to researchers’instructions and complete 30 standard nodding movements within 1min.When the 1min nodding movement is finished,the worker personnel will immediately re-positioning for scanning,followed by the second film phase contrast scanning.3.The phase contrast image of cerebrospinal fluid is transferred to the AW46 MR stand-alone workstation.Use Report Card 4.0 analysis software for cerebrospinal fluid flow analysis.In addition,the analysis software’s region of interest(ROI)function can be used to draw irregular outline shapes by hand to circle the entire transverse section of the subarachnoid space at the upper edge of the atlas;correlation results are used to draw the velocity waveform on the y-axis and the fractional waveform of the cardiac cycle on the x-axis;positive values of the curve correspond to cerebrospinal fluid flow in the head-tail during systole.The negative values correspond to the cerebrospinal fluid flow in the tail-head direction during diastole.We have analyzed the waveform of cerebrospinal fluid velocity based on the time parameters,amplitude parameters and flow parameters of cerebrospinal fluid.III.Data Analysis.The range,mean,and standard deviation were calculated for each parameter.All parameters were compared between both scans acquired before and after the one-minute head rotation period.Statistical significance was calculated using a paired sample t-test or Chi-Square test.A p value of less than 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.ConclusionsThe cardiac cycle related cerebrospinal fluid flow is described as the CSF flow velocity-cardiac cycle curve.Various parameters of cerebrospinal fluid flow volume at the craniocervical junction are calculated and analyzed based on this curve.1.Time parameter analysis The time parameters include time interval of cerebrospinal fluid flow rate from R(peak of positive curve)wave to systole(R-S),and time interval of cerebrospinal fluid velocity from R wave(peak of positive curve)to diastole(R-D),systolic cerebrospinal fluid velocity duration(DSF)and diastolic cerebrospinal fluid velocity duration(DDF).Statistical analysis shows that,the time parameter measurements of cerebrospinal fluid flow volume before and after 1min nodding movement have no statistical significance(P>0.05).2.Amplitude parameter analysis The dynamic amplitude parameters of cerebrospinal fluid include the mean value of maximum systolic flow rate MSFR,the mean value of maximum diastolic flow rate MDFR,the average systolic flow rate ASFR and the average diastolic flow rate ADFR.After 1 min head nodding movement,the maximum diastolic flow rate MDFR and the average diastolic flow rate ADFR significantly slow down(P<0.05),while the maximum systolic flow rate MSFR and the average systolic flow rate ASFR remain unchanged(P>0.05).3.Capacity parameter analysis Capacity parameters of cerebrospinal fluid include the mean value of systolic CSF flow volume VS,the mean value of diastolic CSF flow volume VD and the mean value of net-flow volume NV(net-flow volume NV of the entire cardiac cycle).After 1 min head turning movement,the diastolic CSF flow volume VD significantly goes down(P<0.05),while the systolic CSF flow volume VS remain unchanged.The net-flow volume NV in the cerebral direction after 1 min head nodding movement is significantly reduced due to the decreased diastolic CSF flow volume VD(P<0.05).4.The impact of head nodding movement on the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid varies with the direction of net-flow volume. |
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