| Quinoa is a pseudo-grain and traditionally cultivated on the Andean Plateau.It was selected by the FAO as one of the main crops to ensure food security in the 21st century.The seeds are rich in protein,lysine,unsaturated fatty acids,vitamins,minerals and other nutrients,so it is called "all-nutritional food".In recent years,quinoa has been introduced as a pilot plant and promoted in large areas in some parts of China.In 2014,it has been planted and tested successfully in the arid area north of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia.The growing problem are lack of supporting planting techniques,which are lack of varieties,the unclear appropriate sowing date,the lower utilization rate of water and fertilizers,many inefficient branches,high rate of side branch breakage and plant lodging,the lower yield and quality.The research on the characteristics of quinoa cultivars,selection of sowing date,utilization of water and nitrogen fertilizer,and group structure control.The characteristics of the quinoa growing period and its process,photosynthetic performance,material production,leaf growth characteristics,water consumption structure,nitrogen use,and source-sink relationship were systematically investigated under different measures,and the factors affecting the utilization of water and fertilizer,yield and quality were comprehensively analyzed.The main results are as follows:?1?Fifteen trait stable strains were screened from the introduced 48 quinoa materials,and the growth period was 120?151 d,the number of branches was 15?39,the 1000-grain weight was 2.46?3.56 g,and the yield was 2164.8?4293.9 kg hm-2.The period seed germination was approximately 8?9 d;the seedling period lasted for about 22?24d,when the leaves increase to 8 leaves,the leaflets at the main stem had lobules,the leaf margin was purple,and the length ratio between the shoot and the underground was about 1:2;The branching stage lasted for about 23?27 d,the leaf area of the main stem and lateral branches increased rapidly,which was the main period for the number of branches formed;the spike stage lasted for about 16?22 d,the top panicles basically formed,and the lateral branches and spikes began to occur.the ratio of shoot length to root length was 1:3,the stem color and panicle color were clearly separated;the flowering stage lasted about 14?17 d,the main spikes are the flowering of spikelets,which is the critical period for the number of spikelets and the number of grains per spike;the filling stage accounts for about 1/4 of the whole growth period,and the panicle type changes from loose to compact,and the ratio of dried-to-fresh panicles is 1:3,which is the key period of yield formation;the mature stage lasted for about 10?12 d,the grains became hard and exposed,and the stems and leaves turned yellow or fell off.?2?The quinoa cultivar suitable for the northern of Yinshan Mountain is QH2015-3,and its growth period is from 133?136 d,the plant height is 160?180 cm,the 1000-grain weight and yield are 3.56 g and 4293.9 kg·hm-2,respectively,grain is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,crude protein,threonine,methionine,K,Ca,Mg,Se and other quality indicators.The varieties content of polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 64%-67%of the total fatty acids,the total amino acid content was 11?15 g·100-1 g,and the protein content was 13?17 g·100-1 g,VE contain was 6?20 mg·100-1 g;the Jiangsu QJS 2015 and Shanxi QHQ2015 varieties both are dwarf compact,but their genetic background is quite different.?3?The main limiting factor of quinoa yield is accumulative temperature,early sowing increases the duration and accumulated temperature from grain filling to maturity,which are the main reasons for its high yield.Compared with conventional sowing,the duration and cumulative temperature of early sowing were increased by 9d and 205.1?,respectively.Early sowing could improve the photosynthetic performance?Pn,Gs,Tr?and plant yield of quinoa leaves,and the yield increased by 89.85%?91.56%on average compared to conventional sowing;the suitable sowing date for this area is April 23,and the leaf area index,dry matter quality,photosynthetic performance,and yield were the highest.the grain weight and yield per plant were 154.97 g plant-1 and 4184.15 kg hm-2,respectively.?4?For every kilogram of quinoa grain,consume 1.99 m3 of water.Irrigation during seedling stage and filling stage can prolong the filling time by 4-5 d,compared with irrigating at branching stage,the water consumption during crop growth period is reduced about 22.4 mm,which reduces the soil water consumption in 40?70 cm soil layer,and delay the nutrients accumulation decline of quinoa from filling stage to maturity stage,resulting in a significant compensatory effect,it is an effective measure for water saving irrigation of the region which can improve the filling stage to the mature stage dry matter water use efficiency,grain water use efficiency and yield of grain.The water consumption of quinoa mainly comes from rainfall,which accounts for 45-60%of the water consumption,followed by irrigation and soil water;the water consumption from flowering to maturity accounts for 35.2?35.9%of the total water consumption,the water consumption of this period significantly affected the yield.?5?Increasing nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the increase yield and promote the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of quinoa.For every 100 kg of grain yield,it should be absorbed 2.4±0.3 kg of nitrogen?N?,1.2 ± 0.2 kg of phosphorus?P2O5?,and 3.0±0.6 kg of potassium?K2O?,and the ratio of N,P and K is ablout 2:1:2.5.The order of N,P and K uptake rate was stem>ear>leaf>root,and the nitrogen uptake of root,stem,leaf and ear were 3.4?8.1 kg·hm-2,12.2?32.3 kg·hm-2,4.9?15.9 kg·hm-2,and 8.9?20.4 kg hm'2,respectively;The yield,1000-grain weight,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency?AEN?,nitrogen fertilization physiological efficiency?PEN?,and nitrogen harvest index?HIN?of N2PK?N:P2O5:K2O=150:90:45 kg·hm-2?were the highest,which are 43.5%,64%,41.4%,43.6%,and 2.3%higher than the control;The nitrogen application increasing maintained the higher leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index of the plant in the later period,and delayed the filling rate,N3PK and N2PK were the most obvious.The application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the contents of unsaturated fatty acids,crude fat,crude protein,threonine,alanine and lysine in quinoa seeds.?6?Remove lateral spikes can promote the contribution of head spike to plant nutrient,reduce consumption of nutrients in other organs,increase 1000-grain weight and reduce branch breaking rate and invalid spike,suitable for mechanical harvesting.The order of contribution rates are leaf,head and lateral branches and spikes,with the advancing of the growing period,the spikes contribution for plant nutrient is increasing.Remove the source organs resulted a decrease in yield,topping increased the number of branches,remove lateral spikes reduced the number of branches and immature spikes,the 1000-grain weight and yield were 6%and 5.2%higher than CK.In addition to mepiquat chloride and ethephon,spraying other control agents had significant effects on controlling plant height,increasing leaf area per plant,leaf chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,reducing the number of primary branches and lateral branch breaking rate,and it is conducive to the formation of yield,chlormequat is best for lodging resistance and yield increase.The branch breaking rate of spraying chlormequat was the lowest,which was 17.9%,and the yield was the highest,which was 114.7%higher than the control.Topping significantly increased the number of primary branches and branch breaking rate,the increasing production is not obvious.In summary,in the dryland area north of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia,choose the varieties with short growth period,good yield and quality traits,use early sowing methods,take advantage of temperature conditions,and develop intermittent water-saving irrigation measures at the seedling stage and filling stage,to reduce irrigation frequency and irrigation volume,make full use of rainfall,appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer was used to delay the rate of nutrient accumulation and decline during mature period.remove ineffective side spike and use chemical control to increase the contribution of head spike for plant nutrient,and reduce the branch breaking rate and invalid spike,it will become an effective technical measure to increase the yield,quality,and utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer in the area. |
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