| Food industry which produces tons of wastes(by-products)such as bones(hard&soft),tendons,blood,internal organs and skin during slaughtering.These wastes are non-edible portion of meat and not useful in processed meat products.Efficient utilization of by-products plays important role in the economy as well as impacting directly on environmental pollution.By-product wastes have the potential for valuable utilization by processing into highly valuable products.The soft bone is the major by-product of meat processing industries and for the extraction of collagens can be used as raw material.In this current study chicken sternal cartilage was used as a raw material for the extraction of collagen-II and check the effect of ultrasound-treatment time on the characterization of extracted collagen.A simple and green approach was developed to extract the acid and pepsin soluble collagen-II from chicken sternal cartilage(CSC)with various ultrasound treatment times(0,6,12,24,36 minutes)to investigate the effects of ultrasonic waves and cavitation energy on the yield,functional and physicochemical characteristics of collagen.The pretreatment also had positive effect on the raw CSC and the proximate composition of pretreated CSC and extracted collagen-II were improved significantly.The yield of extracted collagen-II with different ultrasound treatment time of UASCII0,UASCII6,UASCII12,UASCII24 and UASCII36 were calculated on wet,dry and protein weight basis.The highest yield of ultrasound-treated acid soluble collagen-II was 84.14%based on protein weight after an ultrasonic treatment for 36 minutes.By using SDS-PAGE the extracted protein was identified as collagen-II and the triple helical structure remained the same,but some changes in the secondary structure were observed on longer ultra-sonication treatment(?36min).As the ultrasound treatment time increased,amino acid profile was also increased that exhibited high thermal stability.The structural integrity was observed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The rheological properties such as elastic modulus(G')and viscous modulus(G'')and functional characteristics;water holding capacity,water and oil absorption capacity,emulsifying and foaming properties of acid soluble collagen-II were also considerably improved after the ultra-sonication treatment that are important for industrial applications.Denaturation temperatures(T_d)increased as the ultrasound treatment time and viscosity also increased.The ultra-sonication treatment is an effective process for the extraction of acid soluble collagen-II from land animal co-products.The pepsin was also used to extract the collagen-II from CSC with various ultrasound treatment time to explore the effect of pepsin and ultrasound treatment time on the characterization of extracted pepsin soluble collagen-II.The pepsin using with the ultra-sonication treatment that significantly increased the extracted yield of collagen-II from CSC.The maximum yield of pepsin soluble collagen-II was obtained at 36 minutes(UPSCII36;3.37 g)as compared to non-ultrasound treated at zero minutes(UPSCII0;1.73 g).The amino acid content of pepsin soluble collagen-II extracted using different ultra-sonication time was found to be in increasing order UPSCII0<UPSCII6<UPSCII12<UPSCII24?UPSCII36.By the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),the T_d and T_m of UPSC were significantly(p<0.05)improved with the application of ultrasound.The results showed that secondary structure of ultrasound treated pepsin soluble collagen-II was partially altered as the ultra-sonication time prolonged.Moreover,ultrasound-treated pepsin soluble collagen-II had superior functional properties than non-ultrasound treated collagen and as well as ultrasound treated acid soluble collagen-II.This study showed that the poultry by-products CSC would be a potential source of land animal collagen-II which will further meet the increasing demand of industries.The utilization of ultrasound for the extraction of acid and pepsin soluble collagen-II is a good alternative technology to expand the application of collagen at industrial level.This study will be beneficial in providing an alternative extraction process for raw material in the manufacturing of value-added products and will contribute to promoting the commercialization of ignored sources of chicken-derived collagen. |
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