| In order to exploring the coexistence relationship between animals and human,coexistence strategy between cranes and community resident in Zhalong nature reserve was conducted based on habitat requirements of cranes and ecological footprint of community residents.In this study,firstly annual dynamics of per capita ecological footprint supply,per capita ecological footprint demand,ecological environment carrying capacity of nature reserve and different ecological productive land types from 2013 to 2016 were calculated.Then the correlation between five kinds of familiar cranes population(red-crowned cranes,white-naped crane,common crane,hooded cranes,siberian crane)and diversity index of avian community(species diversity,species richness,species evenness)under the same space,between five kinds of familiar cranes population and ecological footprint(per capita ecological footprint supply,per capita ecological footprint demand,ecological environment carrying capacity)of community residents under the same space from 2011 to 2017 were measured,and the umbrella role on cranes in avian community and the indicative function on cranes in community residents' ecological footprint were also analyzed.Next,habitat requirements analysis and evaluation of cranes with umbrella role and indication function were carried out.Finally,a comprehensive analysis of human-crane coexistence strategy was conducted by the above analysis results.Detailed analysis results are as follows1.Ecological footprint analysis of community residents in the reserveIn 2013-2016,(1)The ecological productive land types of the reserve were mainly grassland(including reed swamp)and water area(67-77%),mainly distributed in the core area,followed by farmland and building land(18-25%),mainly distributed in the experimental area and buffer zone,and the woodland area is the least.(2)The per capita ecological footprint supply increased year by year,with an average value of 4.5233ha/person;The per capita ecological footprint supply of different types ecological productive land has significant difference among different ecological type;the supply of farmland and building land(1.7-3.0ha/person)were largest,and about 6-53 times of grassland(including reed marshes),water area and woodland,while the fossil fuel land is 0.(3)The per capita ecological footprint demand increased and then decreased year by year,with an average value of 3.3353ha/person The per capita ecological footprint demand of different types ecological productive land has significant difference among different type.Grassland(including reed marshes)and farmland had the greatest demand(0.9-2.2ha/person),about 1-4 times of water area,about 80-4000 times of fossil fuel land,and about 300.000-650.000 times of building land,while woodland was 0.(4)the overall ecological environment carrying capacity of the reserve is shown as ecological surplus,with an average value of 1.1879ha/person.However,the ecological environment carrying capacity of grassland(including reed swamp),water area and fossil fuel land were all shown as ecological deficit,and the deficit degree of grassland(main habitat types of nature reserve)and water area of the reserve is relatively large2.Umbrella and indication role cranes in Community and ecological footprintIn 2011-2017,red-crowned crane and white-naped crane in five familiar cranes could reflect diversity index of avian community during different year and different life history period(such as breeding season),and it were significantly positive correlation between population of red-crowned crane,white-naped crane and species richnessIn 2013-2016,red-crowned crane and white-naped crane in five familiar cranes had the indicative role to ecological footprint of community residents in the same space,and it were significantly positive correlation between populations of red-crowned cranes,white-naped crane and the per capita ecological footprint supply,ecological environment carrying capacity.while it was significantly negative correlation between populations of red-crowned cranes.white-naped crane and the per capita ecological footprint demand.To sum up.red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane could reflect not only the diversity message of avian community in the same region,but also the ecological footprint of community residents in the same region.In other words,their breeding populations had not only an umbrella function for the avian community in the same region,but also the indicative role to ecological footprint of the community residents in the same region.The ecological environment carrying capacity of the reserve could be measured by the breeding habitat requirement of red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane,and further put forward Human-crane coexistence strategy3.Breeding habitat requirement and evaluation of red-crowned and white-naped cranesDuring 2013-2016,(1)the breeding territory of red-crowned cranes and white-naped cranes was 59.11 18.25 ha and 51.67±17.81 ha,or 50.86-67.36 ha and 33.86-69.48 ha.(2)Breeding habitat type of red-crowned crane and white-naped cranes were all reed marsh,namely grassland(including reed marshes).Selection factors of breeding habitat use requirement existed difference.There were annual differences on the breeding habitat suitability,among which the most suitable habitat area and the suitable habitat area were about 3000-5400 ha and 2000-6700 ha.The low suitable habitat area was about 21.000-51,000 ha and 12,000-51,000 ha.(3)there were all annual differences on the breeding environment carrying eapacity,among which the most suitable habitat and the suitable habitat eould accommodate 51-91 pairs breeding red-crowned cranes and 39-131 pairs breeding white-naped cranes.4.Human-crane coexistence strategyBased on the information from the commission on world environment and development,this article will reserve 12%of ecological productive land for biodiversity conservation,88%of the ecological productive land for ecological footprint weigh of community residents in nature reserve,environment bearing analysis under breeding habitat requirement and deficit-surplus weigh under ecological footprint of community residents.In view of the priority of biodiversity conservation,if 12%of the ecological productive land cannot meet the breeding habitat requirement of cranes in the reserve,then the breeding habitat requirement area of cranes would be taken as the measurement reference,and the subsequent ecological footprint analysis of community residents is conducted again.(1)Environmental bearing based on the breeding habitat requirements of cranesThe 12%area(25200 ha)for biodiversity conservation from the report of World Environment and Development Commission was greater than the area sum of the most suitable habitat and suitable habitat(3000-5400 ha and 2000-6700 ha)on the red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane model in 2013-2016.and less than low suitable habitat area(34000-51000 ha and 42000-51000 ha).Under effective management and conservation,if the quality of low suitable habitat area is improved into the most suitable habitat and suitable habitat,then the habitat area used for biodiversity conservation in the reserve would reach 12%(25200 ha)of the total area of the reserve,and 12%of the area could meet the environmental carrying capacity of crane breeding habitat requirement.Breeding habitat of red-crowned crane and white-naped crane were reed marsh(namely grassland in this article).We had the assumption that the spatial distribution of red-crowned cranes and white-naped cranes were completely overlapped,partially overlapped and adjacent.Among.(1)Under completely overlapping conditions,the grassland area for biodiversity conservation could accommodate 262-285 breeding pairs of red-crowned crane and 299-326 breeding pairs of white-naped crane in 2013-2016.this result was about 2.8-4.5 times of red-crowned crane's field breeding population and 14.2-19.1 times of white-naped craned field breeding population,approximately 3.1-5.2 times of red-crowned crane's breeding canying capacity and 2.3-7.8 times of white-naped crane's breeding carrying capacity under the most suitable habitat and suitable habitat.(2)Under partial overlapping condition,the grassland area for biodiversity conservation could accommodate 209-227 breeding pairs of red-crowned crane and 209-227 breeding pairs of white-naped crane in 2013-2016,this result was about 2.2-3.6 times of red-crowned crane's field breeding population and 9.9-13.3 times of white-naped crane's field breeding population,approximately 2.5-4.2 times of red-crowned crane's breeding carrying capacity and 1.6-5.5 times of white-naped crane's breeding carrying capacity under the most suitable habitat and suitable habitat.(3)Under adjacent condition,the grassland area for biodiversity conservation could accommodate 140-152 breeding pairs of red-crowned crane and 140-152 breeding pairs of white-naped crane in 2013-2016,this result was about 1.5-2.4 times of red-crowned crane's field breeding population and 6.6-8.9 times of white-naped crane's field breeding population,approximately 1.7-2.8 times of red-crowned crane's breeding carrying capacity and 1.1-3.6 times of white-naped crane's breeding carrying capacity under the most suitable habitat and suitable habitat.Under three different assumptions,the grassland area(including reed swamp)for biodiversity conservation from the report of World Environment and Development Commission would meet the breeding habitat requirement of red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane in different annual in 2013-2016.However,individual annual this supply area of grassland closed to the critical value of crane breeding habitat requirement(2016).(2)Ecological footprint balance based on community residents consumptionGrassland(including reed marshes)and water area were the dominant habitat types of the reserve(67-77%).mainly distributed in the core area.From 2013 to 2016,the ecological deficit degree of grassland(including reed swamp)and water area was the largest,and fossil fuel land was micro-deficit(the reserve did not have this supply).For this kind of circumstance,reducing community population of the reserve core,ecological productive land type conversion(namely immigration,farmland forest returned)would increase per capita ecological footprint supply,and further solve ecological deficit of grassland(including reed swamp)and water area in the core zone.Changing fossil fuel demand into building land demand(namely energy alternative)would solve micro-ecological deficit of fossil fuels land.To sum up.12%of the ecological productive land area for biodiversity conservation specified in the report of the world commission on environment and development can meet the breeding habitat requirement of red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane in the reserve,but the satisfaction degree of ecological productive land area individual years closed to the critical value of breeding habitat requirement of cranes(2016).The remaining 88%of ecological productive land area was used to absorb the ecological footprint of community residents in the reserve area,and the overall the reserve was ecological surplus,but grassland(including reed swamp)and water area as the main habitat types in the core area had the continuous deficit and the largest deficit degree,and the coexistence of people and cranes is in crisis.In conclusion,the strategy to solving the crisis of coexistence between crane(red-crowned cranes and white-naped crane)and human had three types:(1)1498 people from the core would be removed from the reserve,4 villages 296 households 943 people from Tiefeng zone of Qiqihar city were suggested as the first immigration plan,and 2 villages 203 households 555 people from Lindian county of Daqing city were suggested as the second immigration plan.(2)Farmland and forest after resident removed were suggested returned into wetlands and these would increase grassland(including reed swamp)and water area.(3)The community residents in the core area who have not migrated should carry out energy substitution to convert the energy consumption for turn the energy consumption of fossil fuels into energy consumption of building land. |
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