| China‘s reform is promoting and deepening,and China‘s economy is stepping into a new normal stage for the present time.Under this context,agricultural development at the same time is experiencing profound changes when facing external environment as well as internal motivation.Thus,exploring the general patterns of division of labor in agriculture,especially that of rural households is of great value in speeding up the process of agricultural modernization.This dissertation tries to make a scientific explanation about the phenomena that farmers‘ division of labor in production differs,and emphasizes in solving a series of specific issues.It is expected to provide some references in realizing agricultural production efficiency and promoting agricultural modernization through this research.(1)This dissertation aims at revealing the general principles of affecting mode of farmers‘ differentiation of division of labor,and it consists of five parts.1)The first section builds up the theoretical framework of farmers‘ production division of labor,so as to guide the follow-up empirical research.On the basis of theoretical reference and literature review,connotation of core concepts such as peasants‘ division of labor in production or agricultural production efficiency will be defined.Via the presentation of geometric figures,the interactions mode between division of farmers‘ labor and production efficiency,as well as roles played by transaction costs,transaction risks,production roundabout and alike in influencing the division of labor are to be analyzed.These are theoretical foundation for the below.2)The second part exhibits the evolution trend and current state of division of labor of farmers‘ production.With a retrospective study of achievements in different periods made by rural households in division of labor,a quantitative analysis about its tendency is done.And then,further measurement is made so as to find characteristics of division of labor in overall and detailed level.3)The third chapter describes and compares differences of division of labor among farmers under varies production efficiency by microscopic operation data.On the basis of this,the paper analyzes the differences in the division of labor between the whole production division and the segmentation degree with the economies of scale in the different production efficiency.4)The forth part shows the empirical analysis of the factors affecting rural households‘ differentiation of division of labor.By the use of micro-sectional questionnaire survey data,the influencing factors and influencing degree of peasants‘ division of labor in production will be detected.Based on the survey data of farmer households,the empirical analysis model of farmer's production division of labor is established,and necessary explanation of the empirical method and the index used are carried out,and then the effecting coefficient of elements like production efficiency are estimated respectively.At the same time,the robustness of estimated results will be testified.5)The final part of this article analyzes the affecting mechanism of differentiation of farmers‘ division of labor.The main task is to reveal the inherent law of the division of labor in the process of agricultural production.This paper analyzes the generative mechanism of the division of labor under the influence of various effects,that is to say,analyzing the general process of the forming of differentiation in division of labor from a dynamic view,and explores its adjustment mechanism,in order to reveal hidden laws and make a scientific and reasonable explanation about distinguished realities.(2)This research is conducted according to the logical thinking pattern of ?problem proposed—theoretical analysis—empirical analysis—normative analysis?.And conclusions show that:1)First,the overall development of the division of labor is on the rise,at this stage farmers‘ division of labor will be divided in a number of aspects.Farmers' division of labor development on the overall trend was up,through a rapid advance to the steady development process,the division of labor index growth rate gradually slowed down.The survey results of 545 cultivated farmers showed that the average number of households in the division of labor was 5.05 and the standard deviation was 2.58.Farmers do not complete the whole production process separately,but instead transferred most of the links to other individuals or organizations,so that the overall division of labor reaches a certain level.However,the survey also found that the current degree of farmer segmentation is generally not high,the degree of division of labor in different processes has a gap,only three links,which includes farming,harvesting and storage,have an average number over 2.5,indicating that despite the farmers will select a number of processes in the division of production,but each process of the division of labor is not sufficient and efficient,only part of the work is assisted by the production service organizations or individuals,most of the work are still worked out by farmers themselves.2)Second,the current level of division of labor is significantly different either on the whole level or in separate links.Among the 545 sample farmers surveyed,the proportion of farmers in the number of different division of labor is not much different.The proportion of households with four links in the division of labor is the highest,with a number of 17.06%,which does not appear in a certain number of links on the large area of concentration,showing that different farmers,according to their own situations,will choose a certain number of production processes for division of production,the number of links of farmers‘ division of labor have significant differences.The degree of division of farmer segmentation is also differentiated,and the degree of division of different aspects is slightly different.The degree of division of tillage,planting and storage and transportation is significant,and the degree of division of breeding,fertilization,irrigation,plant protection,weeding and harvesting is less obvious.In addition,households with different production efficiency are distinguished in labor division degree.The higher the efficiency of farmers' economies is,the more the links of division of labor are.The degree of division of the whole and the fertilization sector is also different in different production efficiency.3)Thirdly,the division of labor of farmers and the production efficiency interact with each other.The empirical results of the simultaneous equations show that the coefficient of scale-economies is 2.7477 at 1% significance level,indicating that the size of production efficiency in the production and operation process of farmers will affect their division of labor.Vice versa,the coefficient of the overall division of labor on the production efficiency reached 0.088,and passed 1% significance level test,showing that the increase in the number of division of labor can lead to an effective rise in production efficiency.On the whole,the production efficiency and the division of labor interact with and promote each other.Besides,the production efficiency efficiency also promote the degree of division in breeding,irrigation,plant protection and weeding,and the coefficient is 0.371,0.324,0.355 and 0.480 at 1% significance level respectively.4)The next is that multiple factors will exert diverse influences on division of labor in production.Transaction costs,transaction risks,production detours,elements of resources,etc.are the main factors affecting the division of labor production,but the direction and degree of the influence make difference.Transaction costs and transaction risks have a negative impact on the division of labor production,for instance,the coefficient of supervision difficulty and production specificity on the overall division of labor level were-0.257 and-0.143,while the transaction costs and transaction risks have different degrees of negative impact on division of labor in rural areas.Production roundabout and factor endowment have a positive impact on the division of labor production.For example,the coefficient of accessibility of professional service on division of labor is 0.205,which is significant at 5%significance level,and the influence effect is between 0.142 and 0.317.The factor endowment and the resource condition exert positive effects through the efficiency of economies of scale,such as the influence coefficient of soil fertility on economies of scale reaches 0.092,and then promote the division of labor through the interaction between economies of scale and production division of labor.5)The accumulation of multiple affecting elements will result in the discrepancies of division of labor.Based on the cumulative effect of production efficiency on the division of labor,the division of production and the production efficiency form an interdependent endogenous system.The transaction costs,trading risk,production roundabout and endowment resources have impact on division of labor,and then feedback on the production efficiency,then response again on production division.Under this transmission and responding mechanism,farmers' division of labor form.After along period of continuous relative effect,the final formation of farmers‘ production division emerges.The difference of the agricultural production division depends on the sum of the initial promotion conditions and the constraint effect of the farmer,which is represented by p,and the product of bilateral coefficient between production division of labor and the production efficiency,which is represented by q.When p<1,farmers‘ division of labor is converging to p(1+q)/(1-q).The larger the parameter q is,the more obvious the differences of the division of labor between farmers will be;when p>1,the difference of peasant production division of labor is in divergent state.6)Lastly,the internal adjustment mechanism of labor division will keep the differences at a relatively stable state.The regression results show that the effect of scale-economy,transaction cost,transaction risk,production roundabout,factor endowment and resource conditions on the division of labor of peasant households will change at different levels of division of labor,so that a certain internal regulation mechanism is formed.In this mechanism,the difference of division of labor will not be unlimitedly expanding.On one hand,the adjustment mechanism helps peasant households‘ to avoid polarization of production division,and controls the difference within a certain limit,and the overall influence effect of the farmer's production division tends be converged;On the other hand,the constraint effect of transaction cost and transaction risk,and the promotion effect of production roundabout and the factor endowment and resource make basic balance at different levels of division of labor.Differences in production division of labor remain stable within a certain range.(3)The potential innovative points of this essay are as follows.1)First of all,the perspective of production efficiency is introduced in this study.This paper breaks through the limitations of existing research results and tries to study the problem of division of labor in the perspective of production efficiency.Most of the researches on farmer's division of labor are revolving around transaction costs,uncertainties and factor endowments.Although these are important factors that affect the division of labor between farmers,they are only necessary and sufficient conditions for it.In other words,the improvement of the above mentioned conditions is conducive to the development of farmers' division of labor,but not necessarily the triggering motives of peasant production division.What can truly stimulate the farmer production division of labor is the production efficiency in the agricultural operation process,because farmers as rational "economic men" are bound to "maximize profit" in decision-making.Production efficiency happened to meet this economic demand,while other factors cannot.Therefore,this paper will provide some guidance in better finding the laws behind the division of labor.2)And then,a relatively new viewpoint,that the internal adjustment mechanism of labor division will keep the differences at a stable state,is put forward.This paper reveals the general mechanism of farmers' production differentiation.Based on the interaction between production division and production efficiency,this paper finds out the impact of factors such as transaction cost,transaction risk,production roundabout,factor endowment and resource conditions on farmers' division of labor will take effect through the interactions between the above two to achieve feedback and response,and the differentiation of division of labor will be exacerbated,and after long-term accumulation,the final differentiation of division of labor is formed.It is further found that the division of labor does not show extreme polarization,which will form a self-stabilizing mechanism and maintained a relatively stable state under this kind of internal regulation.3)At last,new methods are adopted when analyzing issues about farmers‘ division of labor in production.Based on the existing research results,this paper attempts to introduce the quantitative research methods such as principal component analysis,kernel density estimation,simultaneous equations estimation and quantile regression to analyze the differences in the division of labor in the production.In particular,it is more innovative than previous studies to analyze the two-way effects between the production efficiency and the division of labor with simultaneous equations.The second point is to use the quantile regression method to analyze the effect of different factors on the division of labor at different levels,and then reach a conclusion that the differences in the process of differentiation of division of labor can maintain a steady state.Eventually,a multi-dimensional index evaluation system can be established by using the principal component analysis method,the production efficiency can be quantified. |
PDF Full Text Request