| The household contract responsibility system determined in the early years of the reform and opening policy insured the equal quantity and quality of arable land for farmers,which also led to arable land fragmentation.In the past 30 years,production mode and technology of arable land have made great progress,while arable land fragmentation can't catch up with the progress of production mode,resulting in the increase of inputs cost,the decrease of arable land use efficiency,and the restricts on further increase of land productivity.Currently,China is promoting the infrastructure construction of farmland,while ownership adjustment is rarely implemented to solve arable land fragmentation problem.Meanwhile,farmers are actively exploring plots adjustment for concentrated plots,however,farmers usually are lack of the policy supports of farmland construction funds.Hence,it is urgent to conduct the study on the theory,model and route of combination between ownership adjustment by farmers and the farmland infrastructure construction by the government,so as to solve arable land fragmentation problem.Around the scientific issues and practical requirements,based on the instruction of system theory and man-land relationship theory,adopting the TOP-DOWN combined with BOTTOM-UP method,starting from the problem of arable land fragmentation,the purposes of this study are to:construct theory framework of spatial recombination of arable land use system on arable land fragmentation;reveal the spatial characteristics of arable land fragmentation in China and Agro-Ecological zone;analyze the evolution trend and temporal-spatial characteristics of arable land fragmentation and elements of arable land use system;put forward optimization model of arable land use system to overcome arable land fragmentation;evaluate the effect of optimization model of spatial recombination;and come up with the routes to promote the optimization model of spatial recombination in other region of China.The main research results and conclusions are as follows:(1)From the perspective of arable land fragmentation,based on the effect mechanism and the conduction process of "arable land fragmentation—arable land use system—yield gap/efficiency gap/cost gap",build up the theory framework on "elements and environments of arable land use system are adaptive at the beginning of the household contract responsibility system—they are not adaptive with the development of society and economy—they are adaptive again after spatial recombination".Based on this theory framework,we put forward that adjusting and controling the key element of arable land fragmentation(ie.,arable land fragmentation)can promote the optimization of the arable land use system,which can make coordinating and match between elements and environments of arable land use system and achieve the arable land use goals of increasing yield,improving efficiency and decreasing cost".(2)By using GIS and statistical analysis methods(SAS),we analyze 1095 survey datas of households on arable land fragmentation.Results show that arable land fragmentation is a very serious problem with average size of households of 0.58 hm2,average plot number of household of 5.34 plots,average plot size of 0.11 hm2,and average distance from home to plots of 1.06 km.From the view of 12 Agro-Ecological zones,the order from large to small on the degree of arable land fragmentation in Agro-Ecological zones is:Jiangnan District>Sichuan Basin Region>Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau>South China>Cross mountains>The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River>Qinghai Tibet Plateau>Huan Huai Hai region>Loess Plateau>Northeast area>Inner Mongolia plateau and the Great Wal Region>Northwest Region.The monitoring data from rural fixed observation points shows that during 1986-2014,average size of households in China decreased from 0.61 hm2 from 0.58 hm2,average plot number of household reduced from 8.43 to 5.34 plots,indicating that the level of arable land slightly decreased,but still very serious.(3)The time series analysis from 1986 to 2014 on the elements of land,capital,technology and labor of arable land use system,were conducted using the statistical data in the whole country.Results show that the total production cost,the labor per hectare,and the technology level of machinery and irrigation increased greatly;employment and GDP proportion of the primary industry decreased significantly;the urbanization rate and the net income of rural residents considerably increased.Therefore,arable land fragmentation is not adapt to the process of technology and the transfer of rural labors.The coupling coordination degree model(CCDM)shows that the coupling coordination degree between elements and environment of arable land system has reduced more than 20%in typical provinces of China(Guangxi,Henan,Xinjiang)during1986-2014.Hence,the coupling coordination degree graudually dropped from high-level to middle-level during1986-2014.The coupling coordination degree is 0.25-0.50 among 31 provinces in 2014 with a large spatial difference,indicating in the phase of low-level and middle-level coupling coordination degree on the whole.Hence,it is urgent to take measures to overcome arable land fragmentation,promote coordination again of elements and environments of arable land use system.(4)Four spatial recombination models are proposed using semi-structured interview,field survey and summarization method in current practice.The first model is the farmer-dominated "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai" model in the hilly areas in which the farmers launch the adjustment of the land ownership as well as the planning,design and implementation of the land consolidation,while the government subsidize them in accordance with the relevant farmland construction standards.This model is an innovation in land consolidation combined TOP-DOWN combined with BOTTOM-UP.The second model is cooperatives leading "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai" model in the hilly areas,which is a kind of arable land system optimization under the mutual supervision and control of the "three powers separation"(property rights of finance section,management rights of operate branches and the council decision-making power).This model is a combination of unified farmland infrastructure construction mode,standardized production and management mode and the dividend sharing mode of "allocation of share and income,not allocation farmland".The third model is the autonomous "Hu Huan Bing Di" model in the plain area in which the collective members spontaneously concentrated the dispersed household's plots through the adjustment of land rights based on the spatial location,and launch the land levelling and water conservancy works construction at the same time.The fourth model is "plot adjustment" model in the plain area of arable land resource constraints,which is a combination of land consolidation and local socialization services(5)Using the data on the yield,efficiency and cost data through GIS and field survey method,building the quantitative model,we conduct the effect evaluation of spatial recombination model.The results show that the farmers leading "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai",cooperative leading "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai","Hu Huan Bing Di" and plot adjustment can achieve yield gap(yield gap,efficiency gap,cost gap)caused by arable land fragmentation.Four models significantly increase the area of arable land,with growth rate of 6.12%,3.45%,20.45%and 6.12%respectively.At the same time,four models can significantly reduce the number of arable land plots,and the number of plots in Nongnong,Qulu,Sanchaping and Wanpan village decreased from 1324,6750,386,6750 to 121,150,45,120,respectively.On this basis,the arable land use efficiency increased significantly,with the plough efficiency increase of 8000%,500%,49%and 500%respectively.Three implemented model significantly increased crop yield,as sugarcane yield in Nongnong,and Qulu village,cotton yield in Sanchaping village obtained the growth rate of 50%,40%and 27%respectively.Corresponding to this is the decrease of production costs,with decreasing rate 15%,37%and 26%,respectively;and the income per capita increased significantly,with a growth rate of of 1960%,216%and 60%.(6)Using the combined method of TOD-DOWN arable land resource endowments and BOTTOM-UP achieving way of micro farmers,the extension region and achieving route of four spatial recombination model were proposed,through the analysis of arable land use characteristics on the arable land fragmentation,agricultural production technical level,the off-farm work status,and the proportion of farmers' income structure.Farmers leading "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai" model was mainly applicable to the silly region with tense arable land resourece such as Guangxi and Guizhou province.Cooperative leading "Xiao Kuai Bing Da Kuai" model was mainly applicable to the economically developed regions such as Shanghai,Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces."Hu Huan Bing Di model" was mainly applicable to the arable land resource rich regions such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia provinces.Plot adjustment model was mainly applicable to the tence arable land resource plain regions such as Henan and Hebei provincesTwo achieving routes of spatial recombination optimization model of arable land use system are proposed according to the experience and existing problems of four models and based on macro-characteristics of arable land fragmentation and miro-characteristics of arable land use system.The first route was mainly to rely on farmers' BOTTOM-UP to carry out the adjustment of ownership and the process of farmers spontaneous land transfer,and the combination of government's TOP-DOWN farmland infrastructure construction.The realization of the fist route requires full participations of all the processes of spatial recombination by village leaders,working groups and the whole farmers in the village.The second route was mainly to rely on the comprehensive promotion by local government.Local government should coordinate the functional departments,such as the land sector,the water sector,the agricultural sector and the financial system.Respectively,the corresponding departments should help farmers and cooperatives in applying for the project,project planning,project implementation,award payments and post-management.Meanwhile,the second route need founds from central government and the comprehensive promotion by the local government,which usually need much money and project support from central and local government. |
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