| Wetland is one of the most important environments for the human survival, and is the most important biological habitats and the ecosystems and natural landscape with abundant biodiversity. Wetlands have the functions of water conservation, the climate improvement, soil fixation and protecting fertilizer, purifying environment, and maintaining biodiversity, known as the "kidney of the earth", "the cradle of life" and "species gene pool". Evaluating the wetland ecosystem service function value is the foundation of the wetland conservation and reasonable utilization. Scientific and reasonable evaluation of the functions of all kinds of wetland is beneficial for increasing the utilization level of wetland research, monitoring and protection for wetland conservation planning. It can provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of wetland resources. And have significance for improving the quality of ecological environment, and regional ecological security.The ecosystem services function of wetland and forest ecosystems in Hongxing National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province were estimated by using market value method, travel cost method, the results of reference method, shadow project method, replacement cost method, afforestation cost method, the carbon tax method, opportunity cost method, and contingent value method. The results will give basis for protecting and managing ecosystems, exploring the mothods of resources sustainable utilization, and making ecological compensation policy. The results showed that:(1) Hongxing wetland ecosystem service function values can be divided into use value and non-use value, with 13 indicators, and the use value can be divided into direct use value and indirect use value.(2) The use value of ecosystem service of Hongxingn Nature Reserve in 2013 was 5017.7415 Million Yuan (RMB)·a-1 including direct use value of 235.3268 Million Yuan·a-1 and indirect use value of 4782.4147 Million Yuan·a-1. The ratio of direct use value to indirect use value was about 1:20. The order of use value from high to low was the soil conservation value, water conservation value, atmosphere environment purifying value, cultural-scientific value, biodiversity maintaining value, nutrient accumulation value, climate regulating value, tourism and leisure value, material production value, and atmospheric composition adjustment value.(3) We used contingent value method to estimate the non-use ecosystem value of Hongxing National Nature Reserve. The ratio of willing to pay for proteting Hongxing National Nature Reserve was 62.94%. The payment willingness was affected by geographical area, contact nature, personal preferences, and familiar degree. The payment value was affected by age, education level and career. The reasons for people rejected to pay were not familiar to Hongxing Nature Reserve or had no capacity for additional spending with low income. Weighted average individual willingness payment is 59.26 Yuan ind.-1a-1 for all willingness ones.(4) The non-use value of Hongxing wetland ecosystem service in 2013 was 1430.3880 Million Yuan·a-1 with the existence value, option value and heritage value of 500.6357,414.8125 and 514.9397 Million Yuan·a-1, respectively. The heritage value was highest followed by existence value and option value.(5) The ecosystem service function value of Hongxing National Nature Reserve (forests and wetlands) in 2013 was 6448.1295 Million Yuan·a-1 with the use value and non-use value of 5017.7415 and 1430.3880 Million Yuan·a-1, respectively. The use value was 3.5 times as much as the non-use value. The public had limited awareness to the ecosystem services of Hongxing Wetland Nature Reserve. We should strengthen the public education to draw public attention to environmental protection for the development of nature reserve and the sustainable use of natural resources.(6) Use value and total value per unit area in Hongxing National Nature Reserve were 42.4 and 51.5 thousand Yuan hm-2a-1, respectively. Wetland ecosystem service value per unit area and total value were 53.2 and 71.4 thousand Yuan hm-2a-1, respectively, higher than that of service function value. The ecosystem service value per unit area and total value of Hongxing National Nature Reserve (forests and wetlands) were 47.8 and 61.4 thousand Yuan hm-2a-1, respectively. The ecosystem service values from our research were higher than the average levels of the other researches.(7) By comparing our results with other researches, we found that the ecosystem service function values were quite high of most the nature reserves, especially the national nature reserve. Maily because the ecosystem structure and function were generally in good conditions that not disturbed by people. Therefore, it is very important to construct the nature reserve for protecting the natural ecological system and human sustainable use of natural ecological resources. Any economic-social developments by damaging nature reserve ecosystems will accompany with the lost of huge ecosystem service functions. |
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