| The research were conducted from2009to2011at experimental farm of Shandong Agricul-tural University，Shandong Province. The materials were Jimai20(JM20) and Gaocheng8901(GC8901), which were winter wheat varieties with strong gluten. In whole growing periodwith snowing irrigation, setting irrigation treatments: irrigation3times (before winter, joint-ing and grouting),2times (before winter and jointing),1time (jointing) and non-irrigation(CK), and setting irrigation modes: the traditional irrigation, interval-border irrigation andalternative irrigation. Under different irrigation modes, the effects of wheat grain yield,quality, water use efficiency and dough characteristics are studied. The results are shown asfollows:1Effects on winter wheat grain yield and grain yield components of different irrigationmodesThe grain yield of GC8901and JM20with water treatment was higher than no rrigation bythree irrigation modes.With increasing times of irrigation, the grain yields of traditionalirrigation treatments were noted to be increased first but decreased then, in which of themwere the best when irrigated twice (2T). In two irrigation modes, the grain yield of treatments3A and3I were the highest, the difference appeared with annual precipitation, Yield washigher in2010-2011,Compared with the highest grain yield of three irrigation modes, the grain yield of the al-ternating irrigation of GC8901was-2.26%and-3.60%less than that of the traditional irriga-tion;-3.96%and-12.61%of interval-border irrigation less than the highest grain yield oftraditional irrigation. the grain yield of the alternating irrigation of JM20was0.36%and-4.61%less than that of the traditional irrigation;-10.84%and-3.17%of interval-border irrig-ation less than the highest grain yield of traditional irrigaion. Two varieties of alternatingirrigation was superior to interval-border irrigationYield by alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation of GC8901withtwo growing season. the same as JM20in2009-2010, but it was similar by two modes in2010-2011. Yield was difference by different irrigation modes on two cultivarsYield conponents were formed by Spike number, Kernel numbers and Weight per1000kernels. The weight per1000kernels with no irrigation was highest.while spike number andkernel numbers were least, these were the cause of low yield. Water irrigation increased them. 2Effects on winter wheat various physiological indicator by different irrigation modesFlag leaf photosynthetic rate were noted to be increased first but decreased then after anthe-sis. The photosynthetic was higher in11-17days than the other times. And decreased thelowest about30after anthesis, and was higher in early than the late. Photosynthetic rateincreased by irrigation, especiarly the late.Flag leaf photosynthetic rate of JM20were difference each other.especialy the late. Thephotosynthetic rate was positive correlation.With increasing irrigation frequency. The peak ofphotosynthetic rate of3A,3I and2T were no difference, and decreased consistently.The peak of photosynthetic rate of GC890117after anthesis, and dropped sharply. Therewere nodifference with diff erent irrigation levels. Chlorophyll was similar to photosynthe-sis.The trend of flag leaf water potential increased with the irrigation frequency.and the lowestin mature stage. The potential increased of GC8901was obviously than JM20, this wasindicated that GC8901was sensitively with water deficity.3Effects on winter wheat soil moisture change by different irrigation modesThe soil moisture change in joining stage, filling stage and mature stage reduced in turnlby three irrigation modes, reached its lowest point in mature stage. It was found that water canleak from irrigation border to non-irrigation border in0-100cm layer soil moisture no materinterval-border irrigation or alternating irrigation. The range of interval-border irrigation was-0.22-3.79%, and-0.21-3.29%by alternating irrigation. The soil moisture in0-140cm layerin filling stage reduced significantly than joining stage.The soil moisture in0-100cm layerchanged significantly different stage than100-200cm layer. Soil moisture similarily wassaved in100-200cm layer by treatment3I and3A.4Effects on winter wheat soil NO3--N change by different irrigation modeswater was the carrier as NO3--N and affected the distribution of different soil layer. NO3--Nwas the lowest in80-120cm, there was significantly different stage in0-100cm layer than100-200cm, It was proved that irrigation accelerated NO3--N moving downward, which wasobvious for irrigation border but not significant for non-irrigation border below in100cm soil.Nitrogen content trend in2010-2011was different from2009-2010, it rised first thenreduced and rised again. It formed a “V†type. NO3--N content of traditional irrigationdropped down depth of160-180cm, increased leaching risk. However, irrigation border tonon-irrigation border of interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigation reached only60-100cm 5Effects of different irrigation models on water use efficiency on winter wheat GC8901and JM20With the increase of irrigation, irrigation consumption increased, utilization rate of precipitation proportion was lower and soil water ratio decreased. Soil water supply accounted for18.14%and18.96%of total water consumption account respectively in2009-2010and2010-2011. Utilization rate of nature precipitation was the lowest, and reduced. Unliketrandition irrigation,the utilization efficiency of precipitation was high.Precipitation of two years was no difference significantly. Water consumption of alternativeirrigation was lowest, this indicated that interval-border irrigation and alternating irrigationpromoted precipitation and soil water use efficiency.2T with high yield by tranditional irrigation was high in water use efficiency and rainfalluse efficiency.Alternating irrigation was higher than interval-border irrigation in use efficiency of soilwate, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. Alternating irrigation was superior tointerval-border irrigation compare with interval-border irrigation.The yield of3A was slightly lower than2T during two seasons. The same as waterconsumption account, soil water, irrigation, precipi tation and water use efficiency. And theywere all saved account of reduced irrigation area. Therefore, it was a process optimization ofplanting patterns of water saving cultivation.6Effect on quality of irrigation levels of winter wheat GC8901and JM206.1Effect of irrigation levels on GMP size distribution of winter wheat with strongglutenIrrigation appropriately increased GMP content of wheat grain. With increasing irrigationlevel, GMP content was noted to be increased first but decreased then, GMP size distributionof particle size did effected by irrigation, and Irrigation appropriately increased the percentof＞100um and10-100um particle size. This reduced the particle size of10um, andimproved gluten polymerization, polymerization of polymers further conducived, andpromoted large GMP particles. Both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effected on GMP accumulation and particle size distribution.6.2Effect of irrigation levels on grain qulityWith increasing irrigation level, dough development time, dough stability time, loaf volume,total score were noted to be increased first but decreased then, and highest of loaf volume,long est of dough development time and dough stability time were achieved with treatment T2. This result was difference significantly from other irrigation level. The results suggested thatirrigation levels appropriately may improve a number of indicators with processing quality.Improved dough development time and dough stability time, to achieve quality. The resultssuggested that both water deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on doughstability time and made the wheat weaken. No significant difference had effect grain waterabsorption by irrigation levels.The results suggested that Irrigation appropriately both improved yield and qulity. Bothwater deficit and excess watering had detrimental effect on grain yield and grain quality, andit led to decrease the grain nutritional and processing quality. Suitable soil moisture contentnot only increased grain yield, but also improved quality, this was consistent with Wangyuefu et al.6.3Correlation between GMP particle size distribution and the grain qualityparametersThe dough development time and dough stability time were negatively correlated with thevolume percent of GMP particle size <10μm,<100μm and the volume percent of GMPparticle size, while positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. loaf volume<10μm,10-100μm were negatively correlated with the volume percent ofGMP particle size, and positively correlated with the volume percent of GMP particle size>100μm. These showed that big size gluten polymer particles had a long dough develop menttime, dough stability time and with bigger loaf volume... |
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