The Study On The Performance Of The Governance Mode Of Farmland Irrigation In Arid Area

China faces the serious water shortage problem; especially in the Northwest semi-arid and arid region. The ratio of the China's water resource to the world's resource is 6%, but the average water resource to the world's average level is just 1/4, America's 1/5, the number is 121, is one of the 13th world's water prooest country in the world.With water resources is limited, how to reduce water (water-saving irrigation) to relieve water shortage and ensure agricultural sustainable development, it is already an extremely urgent problem.Up until now, massive literature has explored the research about the agricultural water-saving irrigation. The research of the farmer level is about the payment desire, faermer's water use efficiency and farmer's irrigation skill selection and so on. The research about the small-scale irrigation works governance is the jam and the SIDD mode. The research about the institution construction is concentrated on water right and water resource management. But the former research is a fat lot talk about how to conform the government, farmer group and farmer's force to enhance the water use efficiency, realize the water management's water saving, transportation system' water saving and increase income with water saving.This research will analyze the water saving irrigation based on the exist literature, promote the development of agricultural water-saving irrigation of our country, offer a new kind of plan to governance water shortage.The major analysis structure which guides the whole thesis is called analysis framework-theoretical model-empirical model. Construct Polycentric Governance structure of the agricultural water-saving irrigation, how to exert peasant household, village and government's role in agricultural water-saving irrigation, realize the agricultural water-saving irrigation together through the efforts of each participant.The first part of the thesis examines different peasant household's water resources use efficiency and influence factor, the result shows that:peasant household's irrigation water use efficiency is lower than farmer's production technology efficiency. The 275 peasant households's average irrigation water use efficiency is 22.5%, on condition that keep other input fixed, reach the actual wheat output can reduce 77.5% irrigation water at present, prove that peasant household's water resource use efficiency is very low in 2007, the potentiality of the agricultural water-saving irrigation is relatively great. The result of the influence factor shows that:The position variable have negative impact on peasant household's water resources use efficiency, the higher altitude, the less water consumption, the higher water resource use efficiency. Because with the rising altitude, the temperature is become lower, the lower water resource evaporation, the land that depend on irrigating supplement is less, so the peasant households'water resources in the third region is the most effective. The time from timing to irrigating the farmland of water have a negative impact on peasant household's water resource use efficiency, indicate the farther from the third level canal, the greater unproductive losses of the water resource are, the lower water resource use efficiency is. The land fertility have a negative impact on peasant household's water resource use efficiency, shows that in order to safeguard the high and stable yields, therefore they input more water resources, prevent the reduction of output. So, the land with the higher fertility, the lower the water resource use efficiency is. Water use right area have a negative impact on the peasant household's water resources use efficiency, shows that the peasant households with higher water shortage, the higher the water resource use efficiency is. Water price is not prominent, because the peasant households surveyed and studied are in the same county, the disparity of the water price they paid between different peasant households is not big, lack of comparativity. The impact on peasant household's water resource use efficiency of non-agricultural employment is not prominent. This may be because with the constant completion of the water conservancy projects, the men workforce's who responsible for pouring water needed a large number of grew up in the past, women and the old man can finish now, narrowing the restriction of the younger labour force go out. Then examine the water resources marginal physical products value of different crops. The result of study shows that:On condition that keep other input fixed, increasing 1m3 water resource each time, flax, Kexin potatoes, rape, barley, maize's marginal physical products value is plus; wheat and garlic is negative, that is to say wheat and garlic's water resource input is already excessive use.The second part of the thesis discuss how to form valid collective action, build and maintain the canal in village, reduce seepage and evaporation, enhance the water resource use efficiency. According to the Ostrom and Williamson's theory, discover that in the well irrigation area, small-scale irrigation works property right can easily benn privated, the transaction cost is relatively low, it is the best administration structure of realizing small-scale irrigation works investment with the market governance; On the irrigated area of canal, small-scale farmland irrigation works belong to collective of peasant household of the whole village, do not have exclusion, control the best control mode that is the small-scale farmland irrigation works in the village independently. And large-scale irrigated area and large-scale water control project are made the investment by the country, the input of the government can overcome the behavior that peasant households or other main bodies hitchhike, the best control mode is made for the level. Take action result reflect in build and maintain canal at the investment of the department directly collectively. So, this text has carried on research to the influence factor of small-scale farmland irrigation works investment of 35 villages, the result of study shows:Under the mode of regular earnings, the village is mainly in charge of the dominant lower encouragement that water leader has, recessiveness in order to seek to be reappointed is encouraged to impel its motive force source of offering service of irrigating for villagers better. Democratic election, government's investment can promote peasants to form in the collective to take action effectively, strengthen the investment in small-scale farmland irrigation works. So, need to popularize peasant's direct election of the water management leader.The third part talks about the impact of the institution construction on the agricultural water-saving irrigation. Discover that:Water right transaction between peasant households is limited by two factors, time and space; this has not only restrained water use right transaction scale, but also make the water transfer price at a lower level. Water use right administration adjustment makes peasants only need to "Seek for rent", then they can get the water resource, and it has made peasants form the expectancy that water right administration adjustment for many years, utilize the information advantage and dispose water right to "seek for rent" for the management organization of irrigated area too. In a situation that supply water to other areas for free, encourage peasant households to save the water for that irrigated area pursuing one's own interests and maximizing, no income or income that brings is not enough to buck its cost, the irrigated area lacks the inherent motive force which protects the water resource and have no incentive to save water, the ones that are regarded as "Economic man", will not encourage peasant households to save the water naturally, its result is that the irrigation management bureau encourage the peasant household's using more water, that makes the water resource shortage coexist with wasting seriously. If the tradble water price is lower than agricultural water price, irrigation bureau would like to sell the water to other area after fulfill the local farmers' water demand; If the tradble water price is higher than agricultural water price, irrigation bureau would like to encourage local peasant household save water, then save more water to sell to other areas, but if there is no restriction to the irrigation management bureau, they may infringe peasants' rights and interests.Based on the above research results, the policy implication is as follows:(1) Enhance water resource use efficiency as a core of the water sustainable development strategy, through strengthening the water conservancy degree; excavate water-saving potentiality as an important way to realize agricultural water-saving irrigation. Centre on the agricultural structure and adjustment, choosing the high-efficient type crop, improve the output value per unit water resource, realized "The Two-win" between agricultural water-conservation and increased income; (2) Adjust the agricultural pattern of farming in a more cost-effective manner, set up water-saving agriculture and plant the system, develop low waterconsumption, agricultural product with strong and with costly economy competitiveness on the market in a more cost-effective manner, through developing water-saving modern agriculture, give full play to the comparative advantage of the land resource in the Northwest, analyse and explain the difficult problem of the lack of water, realize the coordinated development between the water resource and land resource in the northwestern area; (3) Further push into the direct election of the village leader who is mainly in charge of water, but not only just this kind of water user association; Strengthen the financial support to small-scale farmland irrigation works; Strengthen the training of the major leader, improve its leading ability; Strengthen water-saving propagation and education, improve the consciousness of saving water in the water resource rich regional village; (4) The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China should regard strengthening the basic construction of facilities of water conservancy as a way to resist the international financial crisis, expand domestic demand, keep the economy comparatively grow fast. Therefore, the administrative department of water conservancy should regard this as the opportunity, centre on ten major industries to revitalize and plan firmly, remedy the historical debt of the water conservancy investment, guarantee the investment of the irrigation works, especially in small-scale farmland irrigation works; (5) Through the institutional improvement, promote the development of agricultural water-saving irrigation, let the initial water right perspicuous, set up peasant household and irrigated area water use right, encourage the rest water transfer, make peasant households and the irrigated area management organization experience conscientiously that it is lucrative to develop water-saving agriculture, make it improve its enthusiasm participating in water-saving consciously, from passively to voluntarily. Allow the water use right transfer between different irrigation area, realize the the water resource management unified. But the water use right trade between irrigated area, want, prevent irrigated area management organization from utilize information advantage right and disposition right of water resource of hand go "Seek the Rent". So, the country should also pass and use the regulation and policy while promoting the development of the water market, (such as ensuring the basic irrigation benefit of the peasants of the original irrigated area not to be encroached, only in a situation that the water resource absolutely remains the irrigated area could carry on right trade of water) guide the development of water market correctly, protect the healthy development, prevent the management organization infringing peasant households'irrigation water use right.