Qing Firearms, Military System, And War

Based on studied about Qing Dynasty history, in response to west historiography academic research on The Military Revolutions and the rise of Europe about cyclical change, make clear the myth about enantiotropy change on military change in China the same times and after 17^th.The thesis insist on that the army refit with ordnance conduces to change with military supplies and armed services and tactics ,at last brings on the reform with the military legal system. Revolution in Military Affairs can result in the Military Revolution, and government alteration and politics reform can result from revolution in military affairs. In the west history academe it is so-called military revolutions, and in the thesis it be called as military reform. The military reform include infantry revolution in the Huang Tai Ji period and it persist in the Eight-banners were consisted of JianRui Ying and ShenJi Ying for more than two hundred years.The traditional hypotheses about modern China military changes began at Yuan Shi Kai's Xiao Zhan army training because of be defeated by Japan in 1895. The article insist that the pioneer of the military changes of China is endogenous change on the Ethnic Han Army began at 17^th by Huang Tai Ji (1592-1643 ) with the influence of west technique.After failures at Ningyuan and Jinzhou, in the process of fighting with the Ming army and making and operating the cannons, Huang Tai Ji not only mobilized more cannons than Ming army at Daling river, but also invented the tactic of combining Han artillery forces with Manchu and Mongol infantry and cavalry. The Qing army manufactured cannons that were among the best in the world before they conquered the Central Plain, giving rise to a profound revolution in Chinese military history.Questions relative to the early Qing Dynasty's emperor and government leaders made great efforts with improving on firearm and artillery equipped for their's land forces, the Qianlong Emperor devised the JianRui Ying in JinChuan campaign as demonstration with Manchu borderism and toxophily and martial art for green-vests ( green- oriflamme army ) and Eight-Banners. Depends on Qing army's comprises with JianRui Ying and HuoQing Ying furnishment with mountain cannon and harquebus, Qianlong Emperor win the day and the rebellion chieftain of JinChuan were taken captive. Subsequently the JianRui Ying be used with triumphed over Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang area by the Qing emperor all through the ages.Yuan Jia San beat the drum for ShenJi Ying ,and was created by YiXuan infante and CiXi Empress. ShenJi Ying was masterminded by YiXuan infante more than twenty years ago.ShenJi Ying created the part of handler with Eight-Banners and ordnance's conveyances to the garrison of border area, as former it is lost. ShenJi Ying can't fulfill the undertaker's role for movement of Qing Dynasty's constantly strive to become stronger.In the 19th Yong Ying system became dominating a field army of Late Qing Dynasty, Huai army created by Zeng Guo Fan and Li Hong Zhang with An Hui province's civil corps. Huai army was the intermedia State of Military system in Qing Dynasty, and it can't created modern arms of services and powerful logistics. Huai army armed by west firearms and ammunition ,it became top-ranking troop can assault strong defensive installation whether it was a fortified city or town .because it were equipped with west cannon and howitzer and mountain artillery, but its replenishment too depend on channel and it march can't be agility . When it combated against Tai Ping army, it obtain a lot of whirlwind campaign in the Yangtze Delta. But when it attack the Nian Army in North China Plain, it's leaders found their tardy infantry need cavalry swell their troop's battle effectiveness and scheme blitzkrieg . But this time their enterprising leaders became failure because embarrassment finance, not only Huai army's armed services can't improve, but also their weakness and deathful demerit on their supply can't be remedied. After Huai army bear down Tai Ping heaven kingdom rebellion and the Nian Army, Huai army shoulder the mission of garrisoned coastal areas and territorial seas as combat troops after Huai army replaced Xiang army. Leaded by incapable general officer demoralization Huai army's demerit result in their failure in 1894, and their's fail give cause for the modern military revolution in China.The thesis not only verify many historical facts in Qing Dynasty's military history, but also advocate across-the-aboard view and uninterrupted standpoint. The thesis persist in that Qing Dynasty military reform subsist a path dependence theory of institutional change, viz. Organizational Path Dependence. And all of these based on military reform happened after 17th, in conclusion ,the military reform have exerted profound influence in polity. In another word that the views about other civilization didn't experience the military reform including military revolution is wrong.