Research On Arms Expansion And Disarmament In The Earlier Stage Of The Republic Of China

Altogether, there are four periods on the research of arms expansion and disarmament in the earlier stage of the Republic of China .That is, the period of Yuan Shikai rule, the period of the Wanxi faction domination, the period of the Zhixi faction rule and the period of the Fengxi and Feng Yuxiang dominating together.Because of there are differences about the conditions of society and history in each period. As a result, guiding ideology and purposes for arms expansion and disarmament are all different; all of them have their own features.During the period of Yuan Shikai rule,owing to the influence of the Revolution of 1911 and the second Revolution, an increase in the army is abnomally rapidly, there is a upsurge in arms expansion,the number of army was up to more than a million at one time;the expansion of army not only made miliary expenditure increase,but also threatened the domination of present president and safety of the society,and the request of disarmament was born,so it formed the mutual and mingled phenomenons of arms expansion and disarmament .The revolutionary partymen,such as Huang Xing,Sun Yat-sen,considering the need for the construction of democracy and republic,agreed with the disarmament on people's army,but Yuan Shikai,the representative of the Northern Warlords,in order to consolidate his domination,tried his best to enlarge his army when he was decreasing army.Faced the pressing miliary situation,all kinds of parties born with the first year of the Republic of China also offered their own advice of the construction of army.At the same time, the ideas,such as the trend of thought for encouraging military force and militarism,doctrine of peace and the getting rid of army thought on the society made a stormy sea stormier for the arms expansion and disarmament activity. To some extent, the disarmament policy of Yuan Shikai worked,making the number of army reduce,the part power of the local generals was limited.In order to make achievements on disarmament consolidated,people put forward proposals on the limit of the number of army,reducing army to reclaim wasteland and reducing army to construct a road.On the one hand,the disarmament policy of Yuan Shikai strengthened the power of the Northern Warlords; on the other hand,it also expanded their inside contradictory and the rift .As a result,a hidden danger of split was seeded .Especially Yuan Shikai's monarchy activity,made the war for protecting country broke out.This not only lead to the Northern Warlords's split,but also brought about a new warm wave of arms expansion ,making the whole country fall into the mixture of split and tangled warfare.During the period of the Wanxi faction warlords domination, the military situation of China emerged three new features ,namely, the Northern Warlords split,the Southwest warlords formed and single tendency of Japanese imperialism influenced Chinese miliary ,all of these had a great effect on the arms expansion and disarmament,the split of the Northern Warlords took shape of several factions ,such as Zhixi,Wanxi and Fengxi,causing the power of Beijing government weaken and separatist warlord regimes came into being .The Warlords controlled separately the military and political power of the central and the local ,and they handled with politics of their own .Meanwhile, they tried their best to enlarge their own army, causing arms expansion out of order.Besides, the disarmament plan of Duan Qirui government was miscarried.The form of Southwest Warlords lead to the confrontation structure between the South and the North .As a result, the number of army in the southern provinces was increasing largely,wars broke out more often and political situation fell into chaos more serious than before .What's more,it brought about peace talks between South and North.On arms expansion,Duan Qirui, in order to carried out the policy of uniting military force,was supported by Japanese imperialism.He organized and trained army on taking part in a war and defending frontier.Besides,he developed his own cliques.At the same time,in order to expend forces,the warlords both the South and the North made every effort to extort large sums of money from the people in their own domain.On disarmament,the end of the World Warâ… ,the falling through of militarism and the spread of pacifism made the South and the North hold peace talks in Shanghai.They discussed the disarmament problem.At the same time,on ideology field,people of all walks of life on the society from the Northern Warlords,intellectuals to revolutionary partymen all reviewed the road of Chinese disarmament going further.They offered a great many advice and propositions. All of these promoted the development of disarmament thought.During the Zhixi faction rule, the Wanxi faction was subject to a heavy attack in the war between the Zhixi faction and the Wanxi faction. The number of its army was largely declined or reorganized and its force was enormously crippled.The Zhixi faction took advantage of beneficial terms that it controlled Beijing government. Therefore, he did his utmost to strengthen the army without restraint and enlarged its domain, which was up to a period of great prosperity. However, expanding army blindly also brought about a serious of problems, such as lacking of military expenditure and not well-distributed on dividing the spoils, which aggravated inside contradictory and split. As a result, it took shape several small factions.It was facing the danger of split, the Fengxi faction returned outside Shanhaiguan after the first war between the Zhixi faction and the Wanxi faction.Under the flag of"safeguarding the border and people",it reorganized the arm and military force, so the army strength was enhanced further. The Southwest Warlords also took advantage of all kind of means to expand army, enlarging its strength.Under this case, the number of the army increased rapidly, the expense of military expenditure raised sharply.The country burden was heavy and the life of people was affected critically, which caused all sections of the people throughout the country identically unsatisfied. At last, it formed the"abolishing Dujun and reducing army"activity which swept across the whole country. In this activity, the representatives of the Northern Warlords,the middle faction,the Guomindang and the Communist Party and their delegates all offered their own views and suggestions, which enriched the disarmament thought of China.Especially the birth of the Communist Party of China, which made Chinese people did their utmost to analyse and recognize the Chinese disarmament term with Marxism-leninism military theory. It revealed chass root and economic root of the Warlords between arms expansion and disarmament and refuted deception about Warlords disarmament At the same time, it also criticized middle class's not suitting practice on disarmament, which made people further get a clear understanding of the relationship between the Warlords and imperialism and appealed to people to gather together to down with imperialism and realize the real disarmament.During the Fengxi and Feng Yuxiang together domination, Feng Yuxiang, the representative of the Guomin army, overthrew the government which was controlled by the Zhixi faction through Beijing coup and occupied a considerable number of domain, which brought the number of his army from tens of thousands up to dozens of ten thousand rapidly and formed an important strength on domination and influencing Chinese political situation. One of the most important features on the Feng Yuxiang's expanding army policy was that they would depend on the Soviet Union.Under the military aids of the Soviet Union ,he regained army.What's more, he pursued progress on thought.His faction gradually broke away from old Warlords camp. The Feng faction reached a stage of great prosperity in this period.As a result, it expanded army up to dozens of ten thousand.Besides, he dominated Beijing state power at one time and controlled numerous regions,such as Northeast,Hebei and Shandong.However,the arms expansion also brought about a serious of issues,especially some high-ranking military officers under the leadership of Zhang Zuolin, with the expansion of their own army, the enlargement of domain .The centrifugal force was also expanding, which made Fengxi faction emerged split tendency . As a result, Guo Songling changed sides in the war, Zhang Zongchang and Li Jinglin's the united army directed by the Zhi and Lu faction occurred. All of these were their results. Owing to the rise abruptly of Sun Chuanfang in Southeast five provinces, the stage a comeback of Wu Peifu, and the number of the Zhixi faction army also expanded largely at the regoin of the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River. Under the pressure of revolutionary high tide throughout the country, in order to counter revolutionary army, Zhang Zuolin organized the army with the aim of protecting country and realized the grand union of reactionary army. This was a kind of covert way in expanding army belonging to cul-de-sac of the Northern Warlords , which predicted its totally failure. During this stage, in order to solve the difficulty which arms expansion brought about , the Northern Warlords held the meeting which dealed with problems arising from the arms expansion.The representatives posed a lot of suggestions and principles on disarmament ,which aroused people's attention .On the thought of arms expansion and disarmament ,the representatives of modern commentary faction of the middle class put forward positions such as"dealing with problems arising from the military"and"dealing with problems arising from fiance",which reflected the bourgeoisie's disarmament views. After the realization of cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party, the Guomintang carried out practice and exploring theory, while the Communist Party of China went on criticizing all kinds of mistaken views of other party factions on disarmament terms. They standed for organising the mass to defeat the Warlords and imperialism and setted up people's armed forces taking the place of the Warlords army. Especially on starting farmer's armed forces, they achieved great progress and carried on beneficial probes for setting up new pattern of people's armed forces.The theory and practice on arms expansion and disarmamen running through the whole the earlier stage of the Republic of China, is a hot issue during the domination of the Northern Warlords. Summarizes looked that,"expands oneself, reduces other people"is the basic criterion of the warlord arms expansion and disarmament ,"the enhancement strength, the limit military expenses"is the main purpose of the arms expansion and disarmament ,"the arms expansion causes the fission, the disarmament initiation dispute"is the inevitable result of the warlord arms expansion and disarmament, the richly theory of the arms expansion and disarmament has the important model significance to the posterity, is worth paying attention.