Study On The Similar And Different Evolution Path Of Transformation And Upgrading Of Resource-based Industrial Clusters And Manufacturing Industrial Clusters

Since the 1990 s, industrial cluster as a phenomenon of geographic concentration gradually appears in the global scope, and promotes the economic development between countries and regions in the form of "growth pole", which has become an important economic phenomenon. As an effective industrial organization mode, industry cluster is an effective way to promote the industrial competitiveness, regional competitiveness, and the development of regional economy, and has become a hotspot in the regional economic development strategy. Transformation and upgrading are two important parts in the life cycle of industrial clusters. In China, most of the industry clusters are established on the base of low cost whether the resource-based industry clusters in resources rich but economic underdeveloped areas or manufacturing industry cluster in economic developed areas, and they are all under a variety of great pressure in transformation and upgrading, such as low independent innovation ability, being in the low value-added links on the global value chain, the connection in industry chain link being not quite close and the advantage of low cost gradually disappearing. And due to the differences in forming motive reason and forming type between different areas and different types of industrial clusters forming, the direction and path of transformation and upgrading are different. Therefore, it will have important research significance and value that exploring the similarities and differences in the path of transformation and upgrading of resources industry cluster and manufacturing industry cluster.This article will make the China’s resources industry cluster and manufacturing industry cluster as the research object, putting them in the same research framework, and further subdivide manufacturing cluster to traditional manufacturing industry cluster and high-end manufacturing industry cluster. By using the cluster theory and the transformation and upgrading theory and quantity analysis method, according to the analysis framework of resources industry cluster and the manufacturing industry cluster, which is “the similarities and differences analysis of industrial clusters characteristics--the similarities and differences analysis of industrial clusters’ influence to the growth of economy--the similarities and differences deduction of transformation and upgrading path of industrial clusters, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cluster characteristics, the cluster trend, space layout, driving factors, and the influence of industrial clusters to the growth of economy, and finally put forward the diverse upgrading deduction path of resources industry cluster and manufacturing industry cluster.In this paper, the main research results include:(1) Discovering similarities and differences of cluster feature between resources industry and manufacturing industry.(1) On the view of clusters’ characters between resources industry and manufacturing industry: 1) resources industry cluster has some characters such as highly depanding on natural resources, great constraints of industrial transfer, growth path needing government’s planning, industrial chain with strong ductility, obvious life cycle characteristics. 2) manufacturing industrial clusters has the low degree of dependence on natural resources endowment, the industrial transfer cost is lower, industrial clusters formation are greatly influenced by the market mechanism and market rule, the government mainly plays the role of guide and auxiliary. Traditional manufacturing clusters most are the labor-intensive industries, in which the weight of labor cost is higher, industrial clusters has mobility and replicability, free falling to the ground is more easily, most enterprises in the clusters are good at "imitation innovation", and "independent innovation ability" is weak. High-end manufacturing cluster is based on knowledge and innovation, in which most are knowledge intensive industry, which always has characters such as high technology content, high added value, high inputting, high reward, high risk, wide independent innovation network, strong ability of independent innovation and close correlation between industry. As two different kinds of manufacturing clusters forms, traditional manufacturing clusters and high-end manufacturing industry clusters exist many commonalities and contact: traditional manufacturing clusters is the foundation of the development of high-end manufacturing clusters, which not only provides complete industrial infrastructure and system for the development of high-end manufacturing clusters, but also provides necessary resources, capital, talent, technology and other external environment conditions; High-end manufacturing clusters are the forerunner of the traditional manufacturing industry clusters, and traditional manufacturing clusters need to continuously absorb innovation achievements of high-end manufacturing clusters to achieve sustainable development.(2)On the view of clusters’ trend between resources industry and manufacturing industry: Cluster degree exists differences between different types of industry. Overall, high-end manufacturing industry appears the highest cluster degree, which belongs to the high cluster degree industry, and the area cluster of high-end manufacturing is most stable. The cluster degree and its average change rate of resource-based industry belongs to middle, which belongs to the middle cluster degree industry, and four subdivision industry with highest cluster in this industry all are the extractive industry. The traditional manufacturing cluster degree is minimum, but it still belongs to the middle cluster degree industry, and traditional manufacturing area cluster is most unstable.(3)On the view of clusters’ spatial distribution between resources industry and manufacturing industry: The province amount of resources industry cluster(13) is more than high-end manufacturing(7) and traditional manufacturing(6). Resources industry mainly concentrate in the western region of China, and the resources industry cluster level enhances unceasingly in the central and western regions, and resources industry show a trend of diffusion in the eastern region; Traditional manufacturing mainly concentrate in the eastern region, but has a tendency to spread, and the traditional manufacturing cluster trend of the western region is being strengthen; High-end manufacturing mainly concentrated in the east areas such as Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, and some provinces exist a certain degree of diffusion trend, but the diffusion trend is not obvious, and high-end manufacturing cluster trend enhancing phenomenon exists in eastern, central and western areas.(2) Revealing similarities and differences of influence factors between the resources industry clusters and manufacturing clusters.For resources industry, the natural resources endowment which characterizes with mineral resources reserves and local protection degree is the key influence factors of the formation of cluster, and the input intensity of industrial technology is an important factor to restrict the cluster; For traditional manufacturing industry, labor intensity and degree of product export is significant influencing factors to promote cluster; For high-end manufacturing, the main factors that promote the formation of cluster is industrial technology input strength and degree of product exports, and the main factors that hinder the formation of cluster are the degree of regional protection.(3) Realing similarities and differences of effect on the growth of economy between the resources industry and manufacturing.The effects of resources industry and manufacturing cluster on economic growth are dynamic, the current and lag industrial cluster will promote or hinder the economic growth respectively, which reflects that the beginning of the "cluster effect" is greater than the "congestion effect" whether the resources industry cluster or the manufacturing cluster, and it will replace the cluster effect to hinder the economic growth. The conclusion enlightens us that the development of the cluster needs to be kept within the moderate and rational scope, and we need to tansform and upgrade low-spot industry in cluster in a timely manner when cluster develops to a certain stage to avoid or improve the scale uneconomic effect due to excessive cluster. Comparing with the resources industry cluster and the traditional manufacturing industry cluster, high-end manufacturing cluster positive spillover effects on economic growth is the largest, and the positive spillover effect is pulled by the double positive impact of cluster to technical progress and technical efficiency improvement; And the resource-based industry cluster and the traditional manufacturing industry cluster spillover effects to the economic growth of industry is only through the single drive of technology efficiency.(4) Putting forward the transformation and upgrading evolution path of resources industry and manufacturing clusters.Transformation and upgrading of resources industry cluster is given priority to with internal path, specifically showing that achieve transformation and upgrading of resource-based industry cluster from the extractive industries cluster to resource-based manufacturing industry cluster, and from low-spot resource-based industrial cluster mainly with resource consumption to modern innovative industrial cluster characterizing as the core of the advance technology. Transformation and upgrading of the traditional manufacturing industry cluster can achieve through both internal and external path, and the internal path specifically shows that transform and upgrade from low-cost type of industrial cluster making traditional manufacturing as the core to modern innovative industry cluster making high technology as the core, and the external path specifically shows that buyer-driven traditional manufacturing cluster embed in global value chain to achieve the transformation and upgrading of cluster; Transformation and upgrading of high-end manufacturing clusters are given priority to external paths, specifically shows that producer-driven high-spot manufacturing cluster embed in global value chain to achieve the transformation and upgrading of cluster.