| Ecosystem is the global life supporting system and the foundation of human survival and development.Human often use natural resources or ecological environment without compensation for developing economics,also has created a series of negative problems related to development such as environmental pollution, ecological deterioration,drying up of resource,developmental imbalance between nations and districts.To solve these problems,ecological compensation must be established to promote harmonious development between nations and districts.China has already possessed the foundation of scientifically studying,implementing and political will on ecological compensation,considered by China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development in 2006.In this research,first a complete basic database was founded using MODIS data as the main remote sensing data sources combined with meteorological data,soil data and land-cover data based on the technology of remote sensing and GIS.Then ecological capital indicator system was determined and the value of ecological capital was quantitatively estimated in county level(Xianju County),provincial level (Zhejiang Province) and national level(China).Subsequently,we constructed a new quantitative estimate model for ecological compensation;analyzing the correlation between gross domestic product(GDP) and ecological capital(EC) based on remote sensing,and determined standard value so as to evaluate ecological compensation in different time and space scales in China.The main contents are summarized as follow:1 Analyzing spatial-temporal pattern of ecological capitalThe spatial-temporal pattern of result was analyzed from different land cover regions,natural regions,study units and so on.(1) The temporal variations of ecological capitalAnnual variation of the total value of ecological capital was first increasing then decreasing from 2001 to 2007 in China.The total value was 13.39×1012 yuan in 2001 and increased along with time,reached maximum in 2004,which was 14.63×1012 yuan.The variation was opposite from 2004 to 2007 and the value was 13.64×1012 yuan in 2007.Annual variation of the total value of ecological capital in Zhejiang Province was consistent to that in China,increasing from 1.86×1011 yuan to 2.47×1011 yuan in 2001 to 2004.The value of ecological capital at Xianju County was 3.54 billion yuan in 1996 and 3.88 billion yuan in 2004 with an annual growth rate of 1.2%.(2) The spatial variations of ecological capitalAlthough annual value of ecological capital per area varied,the spatial distributions basically keep consistent,consistent to the spatial distributions of land covers in multiple spatial scale regions.It increased from Northwest China toward the southeast,increased from the northeast toward the southwest in Zhejiang Province, increased from the center toward the surrounding in Xianju County.(3) Variations of the value of different ecosystem servicesThere were six ecosystem services in this research,and the values of atmospheric gas regulation,producing organic matter and recycling nutrient matter were measured based on NPP,and the other three values of ecosystem service were calculated independently.These values were arrangement as follow:value of atmospheric gas regulation＞value of waste treatment＞value of soil and water conservation＞value of producing organic matter＞value of holding water resources＞value of recycling nutrient matter.(4) Variations of ecological capital in different natural regionsTaking Year 2001 as an example,the spatial distribution of ecological capital varied significantly in Chinese natural regions.The regions with ecological capital per area were arrangement as follow:tropical humid region of South China＞subtropical humid region of Central China and South China＞temperate humid and subhumid region of Northeast China＞temperate humid and subhumid region of North China＞temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia＞Tibet plateau area＞temperate and warm temperate desert region of Northwest China(5) Variations of ecological capital in different study unitsIn this research we took province,county,township as study unit respectively in national,provincial and county scales.The provinces in South China and Southeast China have higher value of ecological capital per area than others.The spatial variations of total value varied irregularly because of different area of provinces. Taking Year 2001 as an example,the value of ecological capital per area in Tibet was 0.83 yuan/m2,but the total value was 0.99×1012 yuan thanks to its lager administrative area.The value unit area in Hainan Province was 3.37 yuan yuan/m2,4 times that of Tibet and the total value was 0.11×1012 yuan,only 11.5%that of Tibet.There were the same characters in Zhejiang Province and Xianju County.2 Analyzing spatial variations of ecological compensationAlthough annual value of ecological compensation varied,whether it could obtain or pay for ecological compensation basically keep consistent.Annual average value of ecological compensation was determined as the final ecological compensation.Positive value means it can obtain ecological compensation while negative value means it needs pay for that.(1) The spatial variations of ecological compensationSpatial differences of the ecological compensation were significant among all provinces in China.The spatial distribution of ecological compensation showed an increasing trend from southeastern to northwestern China with variation range of -257.8～212.0 billion yuan.The spatial distribution of county eco-compensation showed an increasing trend from northeastern to southwestern Zhejiang with variation range of -45.1～90.0 billion yuan.There was the same character in Xianju County with variation range of -11.1～11.0 million yuan.(2) Feasibility analysis of the applicationWe analyzed the application of eco-compensation by the ratio of the value of eco-compensation and GDP in multiple spatial scales,some basic conclusion were drawn as follows:The economic level of the study unit which needed pay for ecological compensation was often higher than others,therefore the maximum ratio of the value of eco-compensation and GDP was less than 30%,in spite of the total value of ecological compensation was relatively higher.On the other hand,the ratio was usually rather higher in the study unit which could obtain ecological compensation than the former,even more than 100%.For example,Guangdong Province needed pay for the maximum value of eco-compensation(257.8 billion yuan) in national scale,but the ratio was only 12.14%,while it was 85.63%in Xinjiang Province which could obtain the maximum total value(212.0 billion yuan).The ratio was 16.57%in Hangzhou which must pay the maximum value,but it became 86.30%in Chun'an which could obtain the maximum value in Zhejiang Province.In Xinju County level, the ratio was 2.54%in Chengguan Town which must pay the maximum value,but it became 86.30%in Xigang Town which could obtain the maximum value.In a word, these economic developed regions enjoying extra ecosystem services have the ability completely to pay for that.Generally speaking,ecological compensation can solve the problems and adjust the benefit distribution of ecosystem and economy between the relevant stakeholders. At the same time,it is necessary to reduce the income gap between the towns and the country,in order to boost the harmonious development of region,protect the resource and environment,realize the continuable development and enhance the international competition.3 The perfection suggestion of eco-compensation systemIn this paper,some suggestions were put forward with the smooth implementation of ecological compensation taken into consideration,mainly including: legislate ecological compensation for providing legal safeguard;determine criteria,methods and approaches of eco-compensation for providing technical support; establish governmental integration system and public information service platform of eco-compensation in order to release information and accept the public supervision; establish eco-compensation management system and crystallize responsibility in practical application.4 The Innovative Points(1)Construct a new quantitative estimate model for ecological compensation based on remote sensing and GIS In this research we construct a new quantitative estimate model for ecological compensation,considering the correlation between gross domestic product(GDP)and ecological capital(EC).The model is suitable for evaluating the value of eco-compensation from small-scale region to large-scale region.It can provide theoretical basis and technical support for founding ecological compensation standard system in multiple spatial scales.(2)Built complete basic spatial database and Compiling the intact program package for ecological capitalIt was the first time to build a complete basic spatial database using MODIS data as the main remote sensing data sources,combined with meteorological data,soil data and land-cover data based on the technology of remote sensing and GIS from 2000 to 2007 in China.Then the value of ecological capital was quantitatively estimated and the product database of NPP,ecological capital and eco-compensation was found completely.The program group of NPP,ecological capital ecological compensation was developed based on the module of Basic toolsbandmath in Environment for Visualizing Images(ENVI),and it realized the technical process from original data input to the production output.
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