| In order to serve practical production, the research was carried out from different perspectives of biology, genetics and breeding science, ecology and molecular biology with Chinese Pistache (Pistachia chinensis Bunge) as research object, and the estabilishment of high-yielding energy base as the goal. Based on fully tap and utilization of existing genetic variations, the multi-level research for individual, population as well as community of Chinese Pistache were performed. It provided a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of Chinese pistache.The main results were as the following:(1) The criterion and method of plus tree selection of Chinese Pistache were developed preliminarily through selection of plus trees with total 228 plus trees selected. On the basis of analysis of main characteristics, the individuals with such single superior traits as high-oil content, resistance to insect and high fruit yield were selected, which laid the foundation for further genetic improvement, and provided the material for the future establishment of Chinese Pistache germplasm resources as well.(2) Based on investigation and analysis,a comprehensive evaluation system of superior traits of Chinese Pistache was set up with the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP),which were composed of the grade system, the grade of subsystem and the grade of indicator, according to the energy tree's characteristics as well as principle of indicator system for assessment. The weights of indicators and evaluation equavation were determined with the method of AHP, Delphi method and Index Comprehensive Evaluation Method.(3) Combining with the comprehensive evaluation system of superior traits of Chinese Pistache, 68 high-yield, high-oil content and fine-resistant superior individual tree were chosen by means of analysis of comprehensive selection of multi-characters.Meanwhile, based on the selection of plus tree, seedling testing was carried out to study the intrinsic relationship and genetic variation of the seedling growth traits, as such,the genetic parameters were also calculated and the excellent families were selected. These selected families, requiring further observation in progeny forestry, could be used for seed orchard or vegetative propagation. At the same time, the relationship between parent and progeny characters of Chinese Pistache was studied by the means of Analysis of Canonical Correlation. The selection index model is put forward, and the Chinese Pistache plus tree tested is classified and selected repeatly.(4) Based on the investigation and analysis, Chinese Pistache was divided into sorts of types according to 7 obvious variation traits. Through system analysis, and three-level classification indicator, Multi-traits comprehensive classification was carried out to divide Chinese Pistache into different types,and a number of superior types with good quality, high yield, strong resistance were preliminarily selected. Meanwhile,the identification methods of adult sexualization were presented to facilitate the use of production units.(5) The analysis on main factors affecting individual yield showed that soil fertility, insect-fruit rate , crown area, fruit number per-panicle, proportion of fertile branches, hundred fruit weight have significant correlations with individual yield. Among these traits, insect-fruit rate, soil fertility, fruit quantity are the key factors contributing to individual yield, The other factors, such as tree height , DBH, elevation, crown also had some influence on the individual yield, which showed individual yield of Chinese Pistache was a comprehensive quantity character.(6) Based on investigation and analysis of 11 natural pupulations of Chinese Pistache in China,morphological variation and diversity of pupulations were studied, variation of all 18 characteristics was significantly different among and within populations.CV among phenotypic characteristics was markably different, varied from 4.249%-27.31%. Average phenotypic differentiation coefficient (Vst) was 22.27%, which indicated that the genetic variation within population was the main sources of genetic diversity. The 11 populations were classified, according to cluster analysis, into 4 groups. The study on variation of Chinese Pistache phenotypic characters in different habitats showed that slope position and altitude have clear effectiveness on most traits, while aspect had less effective. With the method of spatial series substituting for time, the variations of phenotypic traits at different age were also analysed.(7) Fruit oil content of 9 populations of Chinese Pistache was investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance( NMR) method. The result showed:contents of oil of fruit, seed and pulp were 36.183%,26.594%,50.503% respectively. There were significant variance among different populations, The populations were classified into 3 groups by clustering analysis,including lower variation and middle oil content population, lower variation and low content of oil population, high variation and high content of oil population. Fruit oil content of Chinese Pistache had the trend of southwest- northeast variation, the oil content of seed and pulp have same trend with ecological factors as fruits', which reflected more slowly to ecological factors. (8) Simple sequence repeat molecular marker systems were used to analyse the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 8 Chinese Pistache populations, on the basis of establishment of optimized PCR reaction system, nine pairs of SSR primers were selected from the primers which were designed for Pistacia vera, the total number of alleles 43 and average 4.78 for per locus was observed in eight populations, The percentage of polymorphic loci(P) was 100%. According to the numbers of effective alleles and expected heterozygosity, genetic diversity of populations from high to low was AK>TX>SP>HX>LY>LC >LZ>SX. The proportion of genetic differentiation among populations accounted for 0.319,which indicated that the main source of variation of Chinese Pistache was variation among populations,the eight population were divided into three groups with genetic distance.(9) By the plots investigation, the structural characteristics of Chinese Pistache community was studied, the results showed that: In Taihang Mountains regions, Chinese Pistache community had a simple tree stratum component, the important value of Chinese pistache is up to 73.1931, as form Chinese Pistache-gifted community. The species richness and evenness of shrub stratum and herb stratum were similar but obviously higher than tree stratum. The diversity index for different strata was in the following order: shrub stratum> herb stratum> tree stratum, evenness had the same trend as species diversity index. The species diversity index of different regions had different variable trend, showing clear differentiation phenomenon. Chinese Pistache in Taihang Mountains was all growing type of population structure, distribution pattern was aggregate type in general, while the middle region was even distribution pattern.(10) The dominant species of all levels was determined with important values, the community with same dominant species classified into community association, Chinese Pistache secondary forest in southern of Qinling Mountains could be divided into three vegetation types, five formations, six associations. The species diversity analysis on different communities showed that species richness, diversity index and evenness for different strata was in the following order: shrub stratum> herb stratum> tree stratum, the species of herbaceous and shrubs strata were rich, while species component of trees stratum relatively simple. |
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