Physiological And Ecological Effects Of Wheat And Maize Straw Returned To The Field On Winter Wheat In Lime Concretion Black Soil

Crop straw is a good organic fertilizer which has quantity, widely source and could be used in the same spot, moreover, a number of essential element for plants such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are contained in crop straw. Straw returned to the field would be an effect measure to relieve the insurficient of organic fertilizer source, and as an important way to increase organic input and keep soil productivity. Meantime, straw returned to the field directly would promote characters of hysical, chemical, and biological, increase soil fertility and grain yield. Huaibei plain is a wheat/corn two crops one-year area where is mainly composed by lime concretion black soil. Because of the compact texture, easily drought and flooding, and short workable period of soil, at the same time, the amount of organic fertilizer was insufficient, and undeveloped garicultural machinery, all these result in lower returning rates. Based on the problems existing in production, the present study was conducted to investigate physiological and ecological effects of wheat and maize straw returned to the field and fertilizer on winter wheat with a series of experiments. The suitable method of maize straw utilization and tillage were discussed. Thus to provide theoretical and practical basis for realizing mechanization of straw directly returning and high-efficiency cultivation of wheat. The main contents and results are as follows:1. The physiological and ecological effects of wheat straw mulching in maize field and maize straw burrying in wheat field with fertilizer on winter wheat were studied using winter wheat cultivar Yannong 19. The result suggest that, with whole maize straw returned to the field after grinding, the emergence number, emergence rate and emergence evenness of treatment wheat/maize straw returned to the field with fertilizer were increased, and could form a high-yielding population. Because of drought during sowing period, water insurficient would be main factor which affect wheat emergence.The tiller number,finally panicles and dry matter accumulation of population were increased with wheat and maize straw returned to the field, so as the leaf photosynthesis characteristics and efficiency of population photosynthesis, thus promoted the accumulation and translocation of nutrients in vegetative organs. The treatment of wheat and maize straw returned to the field enhanced the soil water content at different stages and water use efficiency. Under the condition of water and fertilizer were relative enough, treatment of straw returned to the field with fertilizer decreased the length of basal internodes and height of gravity center, meantime increased the plumpness of internode, mechanical strength and clum lodging resistant index.The potential of 1000-grain weight was increased with wheat and maize straw returned to the field, so as the fertile spikelet number, fertile grain number of spikelet position and single grain weight in main stem spike and tiller spike. Treatment of wheat and maize straw returned to the field with fertilizer mainly improved the grain number per spike, at the same time, spike number and 1000-grain weight were increased, too. Thus significantliy enhanced the grain yield and number. Moreover, the protein content, wet glutein content, sedimentation value, hardness and bulk density in that were increased. In addition, with the development of protein content, starch content was decreased.In this experiment, the increase effects of fertilizer were better than that of no-fertilizer, the increase effects of wheat/maize straw returned in two seasons were better than that in single seasons, and the maize straw was better than wheat straw. Grain yield, quality and economic benefits were improved simultaneously in wheat and maize straw returned to the field in two seasons with fertilizer.2. The physiological and ecological effects of maize straw returned to the field and different tillage patterns as ploughing tillage, rotary tillage and no-tillage on wheat using winter wheat cultivar Yannong 19. The result indicated that, there was no obvious effect of maize straw returned to the field on wheat emergency rate. Under the condition of drought during sowing period with maize straw returning, the emergence rate was higher in treatment of no-tillage while the emergence uniformity and eveness in treatments of ploughing tillage and rotary tillage.To compared with treatments of straw returned to the field, treatments without straw returned to the field decreased the wheat seedling quality,so as the photosynthesis characteristics, thus reduced the population accumulation of dry matter, the uptake of N,P and K and the logding resistance, finally decreased significantly in yield and economic benefit. Under the condition of straw returned to the field, the wheat seedling quality and photosynthesis characteristics were better in ploughing tillage. For the case of higher basic seedling, even if the accumulation and photosynthesis characteristics were lower, the population growth in no-tillage were significantly increased. Therefore, ploughing tillage and no-tillage could promot the population accumulation of dry matter, the uptake of N,P and K and the logding resistance, at the same time, improve the grain filling characteristics and spike traits, and finally significantly enhanced grain yield, water use efficiency, grain quality and economic benefit. Based on lower machinery cost, treatment of maize straw returned to the field with no-tillage improved grain yield, quality and economic benefits of wheat simultaneously.