The Research Of Qingdao Architecture In German Occupation Period

Qingdao,as an important city in Chinese modern history,has formed its special city planning and architectural style in the history of Chinese modern society and architecture evolvement through the city's modernization process.Before the occupation of Germany,Qingdao,located in the border of China,was in the typical Chinese agriculture society stage.Based on the expanding strategy in the far east Asia, German paid their attention to Qingdao long times ago and sent expert to investigate that area for several times.In 1897,German Army occupied Qingdao on the pretext of the death of two German Boanerges,Hen Le Ricandus and Nies Franciscus,in JuYe,a county of Qingdao.Afterward,the Kiaochow Treaty was signed between Germany and Qing government by which Qingdao area was leased to Germany for 99 years.During the German occupied period,a complete and different brand-new city plan and architecture style was carried out.Ports and railways were constructed in priority and the division institution of urban planning was implemented.The initial city plan established the basis of the city's later development.However,the difference between the city south and north brought by that plan was exacerbated later.The polarization phenomena happened from time to time.German colonist used advanced land management system during their occupation in Qingdao.The financial income was increased and land speculation was effectively eliminated which ensured the sequential development of a harmonious city. Within only 16 years,the architectural industry of Qingdao was fully developed.Its architectural character was formed in the construction of public buildings,residential buildings and industry buildings.What's more,German import advanced architecture techniques and management systems.From the perspective of architectural style,the new architectural style was in the important stage of appearance and formulation all over the world.Germany,as the pioneer of Art Nouveau Movement,transferred the new architectural style into Qingdao.What's more,due to the colonial culture policy,German brought their national architectural tradition into Qingdao.Therefore,Qingdao became a showground of overseas German buildings.German architects who were well cultured in architecture and had highly developed professional designing ability design many of those buildings.The combination of Chinese and European architectural style is a key character of the developing of Qingdao architecture.In the first few years of German occupation,the culture conflicts were serious,even armed conflicts happened at that time in Qingdao area.The German colonial authority then adjusted its policy through conciliation which eased up the social conflicts.Therefore,the combination of architectural cultures existed in buildings constructed during that period,particularly in the construction details,architectural group and space.The mutual influences of both cultures were reflected in buildings of many emerging industries due to the impact of different ideas.The courtyard style residential building group is a unique architectural phenomenon in Chinese modern architecture.It is in between of Chinese northern quadrangle dwelling and Shanghai lanes and alleys dwelling.It is formed through the fast development of the port business and the German city plan.The architectural style,space style,street character,dilemma in the heritage conservation and city modernization,future influence to Qingdao's city plan and psychological influence to Qingdao people are new research topics related to that area.This thesis introduces many other topics related to the research of Qingdao's modern architecture which needs more study and research in the future.Those topics includes the development of Qingdao modern architecture after the German occupation,the development of German architecture in modern China,the difference of German architecture in Qingdao and German architecture in Germany,the further research of the significance of Qingdao architecture in Chinese modern architectural history.