The Study On The Unification And Evolution Of Blazar

Blazar is mainly characterized by rapid variability with a large amplitude, high polarization, compact radio radiation, and nonthermal radiation in the electromagnetic wave from radio bands to gamma rays. An important research aspect for the blazar is the unification and evolution of blazar. This thesis presents a review for observational and theoretical studies of the unification and evolution of blazar, and relevant researches, and our research work in this field.There are six chapters in this thesis. Chapter One is a review of blazar, and briefly presents the observational characteristics, definition, classification, and the unified model. Chapter Two presents some fundamental characteristics of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), classification of AGNs, and power sources of central engines for AGNs. Chapter Three reviews the characteristics of spectral energy distribution in multi-frequency observations, and the relevant theoretical explanations for blazar. Doppler effect and relativistic beaming effect are also presented in this chapter, as well as the superluminal motion phenomena in blazar. In this chapter, we pay our efforts to introduce the statistical results of spectral energy distribution in multi-frequency observations, and the relevant theoretical explanations for blazar; the models of unification and evolution for blazar; and the relations betweenjets and central black holes in blazar. Although, some model could unify various blazars, and represent the evolutionary sequence of spectral energy distribution from FSRQ to BL Lac objects, it is unknown the relevant contributions from accretion and spin of central black hole to energies emitted by blazar at different evolutionary phases. The spin of central black hole significantly affects the jet emitted by blazar, however, it is debated how the mass and spin of central black hole in blazar from FSRQ to BL Lac develops, and whether or not accretion rate and spin of central black hole have effects on each other. Compared to BL Lac, FSRQ have larger black hole mass, accretion rate, and extended radio emission, and the central black hole for FSRQ maybe have spin much larger than that of BL Lac. There should be two kinds of BL Lac with similar black hole mass and accretion rate, and different spin. If the mass, accretion rate, spin, and spin direction of central black hole, the velocity structure in jet, and the circumnuclear environment are in consideration, the connections and differences for different classes of blazar should be better interpreted. Chapter Four reviews several methods estimating black hole mass, and results from these methods. In these methods, reverberation mapping method and gravitation redshifts provide black hole mass unrelated with the cosmological model and the relevant cosmological parameters. In Chapter Five, we present observational characteristics of a GeV gamma ray blazar, PKS 1510-089, such as strong IR, UV, and radio emission, large and rapid variability and quasi-periodic variability of about 670 days, double-horned profile of broad Hp line, big blue bump,bended radio and X-ray jet with the same direction, and high accretion rate m?0.1. We also discuss the possible interpretation to the large and rapid variability, the quasi-periodic variability, and the double-horned profile of broad Hfi line. In Chapter Six, we present astatistical work using a sample of blazar. In this work, we analyze thecorrelation between several quantities, and find that the intrinsic bolometric luminosity L"M, redshifts z, and the average flux ratio Asignificantly correlate with each other for our sample. We discuss implications of these correlations, and find that these correlations support the evolutionary sequence of blazar ferm FSRQ to BL Lac, which is characterized by higher accretion rate and spin of central black hole for FSRQ than those of BL Lac.